History of the Jews (108 page)

122.
  
Jerusalem Talmud, Ta’an 4:7, 68d; quoted
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, ii 488-92.

123.
  
For Akiva see L. Finkelstein,
Akiva, Scholar, Saint and Martyr
(New York, 1962 edn). On the question of his joining the revolt see Chaim Raphael,
A Coat of Many Colours
(London, 1979), 190-8.

124.
  
Ta’an 4:68d;
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, vi 603.

125.
  
Yigael Yadin,
Finds from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters
(New York 1963).

126.
  
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
, book 69.

127.
  
Quoted in Comay,
op. cit
.; Kenyon,
Digging Up Jerusalem
.

128.
  
S. G. Wilson,
Luke and the Law
(Cambridge 1983), 103-6.

129.
  
S. G. F. Brandon,
The Fall of Jerusalem and the Christian Church
(2nd edn, London 1957).

130.
  
Barnabas Lindars,
Jesus Son of Man: A Fresh Examination of the Son of Man Sayings in the Gospels in the Light of Recent Research
(London 1983).

131.
  
See, for instance, Geza Vermes,
Jesus and the World of Judaism
(London 1984).

132.
  
Franz Mussner,
Tractate on the Jews: The Significance of Judaism for Christian Faith
(trans., Philadelphia 1984), 180ff.

133.
  
4 Q Fl 1:8, quoted in Mussner,
ibid
., 185; John 8:37-44.

134.
  
Matthew 27:24ff.

135.
  
E. Hennecke and W. Schneemelcher,
New Testament Apocrypha
(Philadelphia 1965), 1:179ff.

136.
  
Ecclesiasticus 36:7.

137.
  
Wayne A. Meeks,
The First Urban Christians
(Yale 1984).

138.
  
Philo’s
Complete Works
, ed. and trans. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitaker, are in 12 vols (Cambridge 1953-63); E. R. Goodenough,
Introduction to Philo Judaeus
(London 2nd edn 1962).

139.
  
Aboth Derabbi Nathan B, 31.

140.
  
G. Bader,
Jewish Spiritual Heroes
(New York 1940), i 411-36.

141.
  
Rachel Wischnitzen,
The Messianic Theme in the Paintings of the Dura Synagogue
(Chicago 1948).

142.
  
C. Hollis and Ronald Brownrigg,
Holy Places
(London 1969); Moshe Perelman and Yaacov Yanni,
Historical Sites in Israel
(London 1964).

143.
  
For the full list of subjects covered, see
Encyclopaedia Judaica
,
XV
751.

144.
  
Ibid
., 1283-5.

145.
  
Leviticus Rabbah 34,3; Philo, Leg. All. 3:69; De Pot. 19-20; Taanit 11a; Yer. Nedarim 9,1 (41b); quoted in Samuel Belkin,
In His Image: The Jewish Philosophy of Man as Expressed in the Rabbinical Tradition
(London 1961).

146.
  
Sanhedrin 4, 5.

147.
  
Hilkot Rozeah 1, 4.

148.
  
Sifra on Leviticus 22:6; Mekilta on Exodus 22:6; quoted in Belkin,
op. cit
.

149.
  
Deuteronomy 17:15; Philo,
Spec. Leg
., 4:157, quoted in Belkin,
op. cit
.

150.
  
Abot 4, 8.

151.
  
Berakot 55a.

152.
  
Yer. Shabbat 3d.

153.
  
Horayot 3, 7-8, quoted in Belkin,
op. cit
.

154.
  
Baba Kamma 8, 1.

155.
  
Baba Bathra 2b; Baba Metziah 108b; Baba Bathra 6b, 21a. Quoted in Belkin,
op. cit
.

156.
  
Belkin,
op. cit
., 134ff.

157.
  
Philo,
De Sacr. Ab
., 121-5.

158.
  
Proverbs 3:17.

159.
  
Psalms 29:11; Tractatus Uksin 3:12; quoted in Meyer Waxman,
Judaism, Religion and Ethics
(New York 1958).

160.
  
Isaiah 52:7.

161.
  
Quoted in Waxman,
op. cit
., 187-90.

162.
  
Contra Apionem
, ii 177-8.

163.
  
Kiddushin 71a.

164.
  
Ben Sasson,
op. cit
., 373-82.

165.
  
F. Holmes Duddon,
The Life and Times of St Ambrose
, 2 vols (Oxford 1935).

166.
  
Charles C. Torrey,
The Jewish Foundation of Islam
(Yale, new edn 1967).

PART THREE: CATHEDOCRACY

1.
  
A. Adler (ed.),
The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela
(London 1840-1, reprinted New York 1927).

2.
  
Andrew Sharf,
Byzantine Jewry from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade
(London 1971), 21.

3.
  
Ibid
., 25-6.

4.
  
Quoted in
ibid
., 136.

5.
  
Cecil Roth,
Personalities and Events in Jewish History
(Philadelphia 1961), ‘The Jew as European’.

6.
  
Ibid
., 40-4.

7.
  
Irving A. Agus,
Urban Civilization in Pre-Crusade Europe
, 2 vols (Leiden 1965), i 9.

8.
  
Fritz M. Heichelheim,
An Ancient Economic History
, 2 vols (trans., Leiden 1965), i 104-56.

9.
  
For example,
I
Samuel 22:2;
II
Kings 4:1; Isaiah 50:1; Ezekiel 22:12; Nehemiah 5:7; 12:13.

10.
  
BM 5:11, 75b; Yad, Malveh 4:2; BM 5:2; BM 64b; BM 5:10, 75b; Tosef, BM 6:17.

11.
  
BM 65a, 68b, 104b, 61b; Tosef, BM 5:22, 5:23; Sanh.:3; BM 61b, 71a etc.
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xii 244-56; xvi 27-33.

12.
  
Philo,
De Virtutibus
, 82.

13.
  
Mekhilta of R. Ishmael on Exodus 22:25; Mak, 24a; BM 70b.

14.
  
Tos. to BM 70b.

15.
  
Responsa Maharik 118, 132.

16.
  
Bat Ye’or,
The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam
(London 1985) 45-55.

17.
  
S. Katz,
The Jews in the Visigothic Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul
(Cambridge 1937).

18.
  
Proverbs 8:22ff.; Ecclesiastes 1:1-5, 26; 15:1; 24:1ff.; 34:8.

19.
  
Avot 3:14; Lev. R. 19:1; ARN 31:91;
II
Moses 2; 14, 51.

20.
  
Proverbs 8:14.

21.
  
Sifre, Deuteronomy 41; Ex. Rabbah 30, 10; Tanhumah, Mishpatim 2; Philo,
Spec. Leg
., iii 1-7. Quoted in Samuel Belkin,
In His Image: The Jewish Philosophy of Man as Expressed in the Rabbinical Tradition
(London 1961). E. R. Goodenough:
The Politics of Philo Judaeus
(Yale 1938), 16ff.

22.
  
S. D. Goitein,
A Mediterranean Society
(California 1971), ii The Community, 205-6.

23.
  
Ibid
., 198-9.

24.
  
Quoted in Mark R. Cohen,
Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt
(Princeton 1980), 7-9.

25.
  
Ibid
., 94ff.

26.
  
Goitein,
op. cit
., iii The Family, 3-5.

27.
  
Ibid
., i 1-28, and S. D. Goitein,
Studies in Islamic History
(Leiden 1966), 279-95;
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, vii 404-7; xiv 948-9.

28.
  
S. D. Goitein,
Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders
(Princeton 1973), 227-9.

29.
  
Genesis 37:35; letter quoted in Goitein,
Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders
, 207.

30.
  
‘Moses Maimonides’, in Alexander Marx,
Studies in Jewish History and Booklore
(New York 1969), 42.

31.
  
Quoted Marx,
ibid
. 38.

32.
  
Ibid
., 31.

33.
  
Ibid
., 32-3.

34.
  
Goodenough,
op. cit
., 8-19.

35.
  
Marx,
op. cit
., 29-30.

36.
  
‘Maimonides and the Scholars of Southern France’, in
ibid
., 48-62.

37.
  
Arthur Hyman, ‘Maimonides’ Thirteen Principles’, in Alexander Altmann (ed.),
Jewish Medieval and Renaissance Studies
(Harvard 1967), 119-44.

38.
  
Erwin I. J. Rosenthal, ‘Maimonides’ Conception of State and Society’, in
Studia Semitica
, 2 vols (Cambridge 1971), i 275ff.

39.
  
Guide of the Perplexed
, 3:27; Hyman,
op. cit
.

40.
  
Cecil Roth, ‘The People and the Book’, in
Personalities and Events in Jewish History
, 172ff.

41.
  
Isadore Twersky, ‘Some Non-Halakhic Aspects of the Mishneh Torah’, in Altmann,
op. cit
., 95-118.