History of the Jews (112 page)

34.
  
Quoted in Ronald Sanders,
op. cit
., 5.

35.
  
L. Loewe,
The Damascus Affair
(New York 1940).

36.
  
For Montefiore, see Lucien Wolf,
Sir Moses Montefiore
(London 1885).

37.
  
Roth,
Essays and Portraits
, 19-20.

38.
  
Robert Blake,
Disraeli’s Grand Tour: Benjamin Disraeli and the Holy Land
, 1830-1 (London 1982), 107ff.

39.
  
Daien Schwarz,
Disraeli’s Fiction
(London 1979), 99-100.

40.
  
‘Benjamin Disraeli, Marrano Englishman’, in Salbstein,
op. cit
., 97-114.

41.
  
This was the view of Judah Halevi; see H. J. Zimmels,
Ashkenazim and Sephardim
(New York 1959).

42.
  
Quoted in Blake,
op. cit
., 126.

43.
  
Quoted in Salbstein,
op. cit
.

44.
  
M. A. Meyer,
The Origins of the Modern Jew
(New York 1968); Wolf’s article ‘On the Concept of a Science of Judaism’ (1822) is in
Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook II
(London 1957).

45.
  
Quoted in Lionel Kocham,
The Jew and his History
(London 1977), 66.

46.
  
Arthur A. Cohen,
The Natural and Supernatural Jew
(London 1967), 46.

47.
  
Quoted in Kocham,
op. cit
., 66.

48.
  
Babylon Talmud, Berakhoth 3a, quoted in
ibid
.

49.
  
For Hirsch’s writings see I. Grunfeld (ed.),
Judaism Eternal
, 2 vols (London 1956).

50.
  
Ibid
., i 133-5, quoted in Kocham,
op. cit
.

51.
  
Kochan,
op. cit
., 79-80; Cohen,
op. cit
., 34; N. Rotenstreich,
Jewish Philosophy in Modern Times
(New York 1968), 136-48.

52.
  
The English translation, by P. Bloch, is in 6 vols (London 1892-8) and 5 vols (London 1919).

53.
  
Quoted in Kochan,
op. cit
.

54.
  
H. Graetz,
Historic Parallels in Jewish History
(London 1887).

55.
  
Alexander Altmann, ‘The New Style of Preaching in Nineteenth Century German Jewry’, in
Essays in Jewish Intellectual History
(Brandeis 1981).

56.
  
W. D. Plaut,
Rise of Reform Judaism
(London 1963); D. Philipson,
Reform Movement in Judaism
(New York 1967).

57.
  
M. Weiner (ed.),
Abraham Geiger and Liberal Judaism
(New York 1962).

58.
  
Quoted by Marmorstein,
op. cit
., 36.

59.
  
English translation by M. M. Kaplan (2nd edn, London 1964).

60.
  
S. Ginzburg,
The Life and Works of M. H. Luzzatto
(London 1931).

61.
  
Quoted in Marmorstein,
op. cit
., who gives a summary of Luzzatto’s teaching, 5-11.

62.
  
See Leo Rosen,
The Joys of Yiddish
(Harmondsworth 1971), xviff.

63.
  
The Renaissance of Hebrew Literature, 1743-1885
(New York 1909), quoted in Marmorstein,
op. cit
.

64.
  
Laura Hofrichter,
Heinrich Heine
(trans., Oxford 1963), 1-2.

65.
  
Jeffrey L. Sammons,
Heinrich Heine: A Modern Biography
(Princeton 1979), 40.

66.
  
Ibid
., 171.

67.
  
The most important is S. S. Prawer,
Heine’s Jewish Comedy: A Study of his Portraits of Jews and Judaism
(Oxford 1983).

68.
  
Heine to Moses Moser, 23 August 1823; quoted in Sammons,
op. cit
.

69.
  
Heine to Immanuel Wohlwill, 1 April 1823; quoted in
ibid
.

70.
  
Heine to Ferdinand Lassalle, 11 February 1846, quoted in
ibid
.

71.
  
Heine to Moser, 14 December 1825, quoted in Hofrichter,
op. cit
., 44.

72.
  
Ernst Elster (ed.),
Heines samtliche Werke
, 7 vols (Leipzig and Vienna 1887-90), vii 407.

73.
  
Sammons,
op. cit
., 249-50.

74.
  
Ibid
., 288.

75.
  
Ibid
., 25-6.

76.
  
Ibid
., 166.

77.
  
Ibid
., 308.

78.
  
For their relations see Raddatz,
op. cit
., 42-3; Sammons,
op. cit
., 260ff.

79.
  
Paul Nerrlich (ed.),
Arnold Ruges Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblatter aus der Jahren 1825-1880
(Berlin 1886), ii 346.

80.
  
Robert S. Wistrich,
Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky
(London 1976), 40, shows that an article by Marx on Jerusalem, printed in the
New York Daily Tribune
in April 1854, sometimes quoted to disprove this assertion, in fact confirms it.

81.
  
To Engels, 11 April 1868,
Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels Werke
(East Berlin 1956-68), xxxii 58.

82.
  
Karl Jaspers, ‘Marx und Freud’,
Der Monat
, xxvi (1950), quoted in Raddatz,
op. cit
.

83.
  
See Raddatz,
op. cit
., 143 for references.

84.
  
François Marie Charles Fourier,
Théorie des quatres mouvements
(Paris 1808); for Fourier see L. Poliakov,
History of Anti-semitism
(trans., London 1970—).

85.
  
Carnets
(Paris 1961), ii 23, 337.

86.
  
Wistrich,
op. cit
., 6ff.

87.
  
For Borne see Orlando Figes, ‘Ludwig Borne and the Formation of a Radical Critique of Judaism’,
Leo Baeck Institute Year Book
(London 1984).

88.
  
See Prawer,
op. cit
.; Nigel Reeves, ‘Heine and the Young Marx’,
Oxford German Studies
viii (1972-3).

89.
  
Herr Vogt
(London 1860), 143-4; quoted in Wistrich,
op. cit
.

90.
  
Karl Marx,
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
, 29 April 1849.

91.
  
Marx-Engels Works
, ii
III
(Berlin 1930), 122.

92.
  
Marx-Engels Werke
, xxx 165.

93.
  
Ibid
., 259.

94.
  
See Figes,
op. cit
.

95.
  
Bruno Bauer,
Die Judenfrage
(Brunswick 1843).

96.
  
I have used T. B. Bottomore (ed. and trans.),
Karl Marx: Early Writings
(London 1963). Also in
Karl Marx-Engels Collected Works
(London 1975ff.), iii 146-74.

97.
  
Bottomore,
op. cit
., 34.

98.
  
Ibid
., 37.

99.
  
Ibid
., 35-6.

100.
  
Ibid
., 34-5.

101.
  
Capital
, i
II
, ch. 4.

102.
  
Capital
, ii
VII
, ch. 22.

103.
  
Karl Marx, ‘The Russian Loan’,
New York Daily Tribune
, 4 January 1856.

104.
  
Quoted by S. W. Baron, ‘Population’,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xiii 866-903.

105.
  
Quoted in Ben Sasson,
op. cit
.

106.
  
Paul Lindau (ed.),
Ferdinand Lassalles Tagebuch
(Breslau 1891), 160-1; quoted in Wistrich,
op. cit
.

107.
  
A. F. Day,
The Mortara Mystery
(London 1930).

108.
  
For Jews under the Tsars see J. Frumkin
et al
. (eds),
Russian Jewry 1860-1917
(London 1966); S. W. Baron,
The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets
(New York 1964).

109.
  
See Alexis Goldenweiser, ‘Legal Status of Jews in Russia’, in Frumkin,
op. cit
.

110.
  
Lucien Wolf (ed.),
Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia
(London 1912).

111.
  
Ibid
., 41.

112.
  
Ibid
. 44-6, 71-6.

113.
  
Ibid
., 2-6.

114.
  
Ibid
., 9.

115.
  
I. M. Dijur, ‘Jews in the Russian Economy’, in Frumkin,
op. cit
., 120-43.

116.
  
Quoted in Amos Elon,
Herzl
(London 1976).