History of the Jews (116 page)

104.
  
Robert Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi Legacy
(London 1986), 14-19.

105.
  
Quoted in Raul Hilberg,
The Destruction of the European Jews
(rev. edn, New York 1985), i 20-1.

106.
  
Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie
, vii (1934); quoted in Grunfeld,
op. cit
.

107.
  
Fritz Stern,
The Politics of Cultural Despair
(Berkeley 1961), 291.

108.
  
Fritz K. Ringer,
The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community 1890-1933
(Harvard 1969), 446.

109.
  
George L. Mosse,
The Crisis in German Ideology
(London 1966), 196.

110.
  
Michael S. Steinberg,
Sabres and Brownshirts: The German Students’ Path to National Socialism, 1918-35
(Chicago 1977), 6-7; P. G. J. Pulzer,
The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria
(New York 1964), 285ff.

111.
  
Dennis E. Showalter,
Little Man, What Now? Der Stürmer in the Weimar Republic
(Hamden, Connecticut 1983).

112.
  
Istvan Deak,
Weimar Germany’s Left-wing Intellectuals: A Political History of the Weltbühne and its Circle
(Berkeley 1968); Harold L. Poor,
Kurt Tucholsky and the Ordeal of Germany 1914-35
(New York 1968).

113.
  
Quoted in Walter Laqueur,
Weimar: A Cultural History 1918-1933
(London 1974), 45.

114.
  
Mosse,
op. cit
., 144.

115.
  
Donald L. Niewyk,
The Jews in Weimar Germany
(Manchester 1981), has a chapter on this subject, ‘The Jew as German Chauvinist’, 165-77.

116.
  
Laqueur,
Weimar
, 72.

117.
  
Ibid
., 75ff.

118.
  
Mosse,
op. cit
., 242.

119.
  
Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel,
The German Cinema
(London 1971), 7ff.

120.
  
Laqueur,
op. cit
., 234ff.

121.
  
Gershom Scholem,
Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship
(London 1982);
Jews and Judaism in Crisis
(New York 1976), 193.

122.
  
Richard Wolin,
Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption
(New York 1982), 40-3.

123.
  
Walter Benjamin,
Illuminations
(trans., New York 1969), 255: Wolin,
op. cit
., 50ff.

124.
  
Terry Eagleton,
Walter Benjamin, or Towards a Revolutionary Criticism
(London 1981).

125.
  
Hilberg,
op. cit
., i 30ff.

126.
  
Institut für Zeitgeschichte
, Munich; quoted in Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse
, 31-2.

127.
  
Max Domarus (ed.),
Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen 1932-45
(Würzburg 1962), i 537.

128.
  
Hilberg,
op. cit
., i 39.

129.
  
Ibid
., 46, footnote 1.

130.
  
Ibid
., 69-75.

131.
  
Ibid
., 96-107.

132.
  
Ibid
., 190-1.

133.
  
Ibid
., ii 416; Lucy S. Davidowicz,
The War Against the Jews, 1933-45
(London 1975), 141; Martin Gilbert,
The Holocaust
(New York 1986), 526.

134.
  
Benjamin Ferencz,
Less than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labour and the Quest for Compensation
(Harvard 1979), 25.

135.
  
Hilberg,
op. cit
., i 254.

136.
  
Ferencz,
op. cit
., 28.

137.
  
Robert H. Abzug,
Inside the Vicious Heart: Americans and the Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps
(Oxford 1985), 106.

138.
  
Ferencz,
op. cit
., 22.

139.
  
Ibid
., appendix 3, 202ff.; Höss affidavit, 12 March 1947.

140.
  
Ferencz,
op. cit
., 19.

141.
  
Hilberg,
op. cit
., i 87.

142.
  
David Irving,
Hitler’s War
(London 1977).

143.
  
Gerald Fleming,
Hitler and the Final Solution
(Berkeley 1984), refutes it.

144.
  
H. R. Trevor-Roper (ed.),
Hitler’s Table Talk 1941-44
(London 1973), 154.

145.
  
Wistrich,
Hitler’s Apocalypse
, 37; and see his ch. 6, ‘Hitler and the Final Solution’, 108ff.

146.
  
Davidowicz,
op. cit
., 132.

147.
  
Ibid
., 134; Alexander Mitscherlich and Fred Mielke,
Doctors of Infamy: The Story of the Nazi Medical Crimes
(New York 1949), 114.

148.
  
Hilberg,
op. cit
., i 281.

149.
  
Ibid
., 308.

150.
  
Ibid
., 332-3.

151.
  
The camps were listed by the German government,
Bundesgestzblatt
, 24 September 1977, pp. 1787-1852; the figure of 900 labour camps was given by Höss.

152.
  
Hilberg,
op. cit
., i 56.

153.
  
Davidowicz,
op. cit
., 130.

154.
  
Jochen von Lang,
Eichmann Interrogated
(New York 1973), 74-5.

155.
  
Louis P. Lochner (ed.),
The Goebbels Diaries 1942-43
(New York 1948).

156.
  
Figures taken from Davidowicz,
op. cit
., appendix
B
, 402f.

157.
  
The basic evidence for Nazi killings comes from
Trials of Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal
, 44 vols (Nuremberg 1947),
Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression
, 8 vols plus supplement (Washington
DC
1946), and
Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10
, 15 vols (Washington
DC
).

158.
  
Luba Krugman Gurdus,
The Death Train
(New York 1979); Martin Gilbert,
Final Journey
(London 1979), 70.

159.
  
Hilberg,
op. cit
., i 581; Gilbert,
Final Journey
, 78.

160.
  
For case histories see Leonard Gross,
The Last Jews in Berlin
(London 1983).

161.
  
Ibid
.

162.
  
Austria’s anti-Jewish war-record is summarized in Howard M. Sacher,
Diaspora
(New York 1985), 30ff.

163.
  
Hilberg,
op. cit
., ii 457-8.

164.
  
Figures from Julius S. Fischer,
Transnistria, the Forgotten Cemetery
(South Brunswick 1969), 134-7.

165.
  
Davidowicz,
op. cit
., 383-6.

166.
  
Bagatelle pour un massacre
(Paris 1937), 126; for Céline see Paul J. Kingston,
Anti-Semitism in France during the 1930s
(Hull 1983), 131-2.

167.
  
Jean Laloum,
La France Antisémite de Darquier de Pellepoix
(Paris 1979).

168.
  
M. R. Marrus and R. O. Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews
(New York 1981), 343.

169.
  
André Halimi,
La Délation sous l’occupation
(Paris 1983).

170.
  
Herzl’s diary, 23 January 1904; Cecil Roth,
The History of the Jews of Italy
(Philadelphia 1946), 474-5.

171.
  
Meir Michaelis,
Mussolini and the Jews
(Oxford 1978), 52.

172.
  
Ibid
., 11ff., 408; Gaetano Salvemini,
Prelude to World War II
(London 1953), 478.

173.
  
Michaelis,
op. cit
., 353-68.

174.
  
Oral History Collection,
The Reminiscences of Walter Lippmann
, 248-50; Meryl Secrest,
Being Bernard Berenson
(New York 1979).

175.
  
Holocaust statistics vary. I have taken the Hungarian figures from Monty Noam Penkower,
The Jews Were Expendable: Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust
(Chicago 1983), 214. See the set of figures, and sources, in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, viii 889-90.

176.
  
F. E. Werbell and Thurston Clarke,
Lost Hero: The Mystery of Raoul Wallenberg
(New York 1982); Alvar Alsterdal, ‘The Wallenberg Mystery’,
Soviet Jewish Affairs
, February 1983.

177.
  
David S. Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-5
(New York 1984), 97.

178.
  
Penkower,
op. cit
., 193.

179.
  
Charles Stember (ed.),
Jews in the Mind of America
(New York 1966), 53-62; Wyman,
op. cit
., 10-11.