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52.
Quoted in Scholem,
Sabbatai Sevi
, 18.
53.
For Reubeni and Molcho, see Roth,
Venice
, 72ff.
54.
R. J. Z. Werblowski,
Joseph Caro, Lawyer and Mystic
(Oxford 1962).
55.
Quoted in H. H. Ben Sasson, ‘Messianic Movements’,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xi 1426.
56.
Isaiah 28:15-18; 34:14; Habakkuk 3:5; Chronicles 21:1; Leviticus 16:8. J. Trachtenberg,
The Devil and the Jews
(Philadelphia 1943).
57.
J. Trachtenberg,
Jewish Magic and Superstition
(New York 1939).
58.
Psalms 139:14-16.
59.
Roth,
Personalities and Events
, 78ff.
60.
Quoted by Ben Sasson,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xi 1425-6.
61.
Scholem,
Sabbatai Sevi
, 3ff.
62.
Quoted in
ibid
.
63.
Quoted in Scholem,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xiv 1235.
64.
Cecil Roth,
Essays and Portraits in Anglo-Jewish History
(London 1962), 139-64;
Encyclopaedia Judaica
vi 1159-60.
65.
For his life see Cecil Roth,
Life of Manasseh ben Israel
(London 1934).
66.
‘Jewish Physicians in Medieval England’, in Roth,
Essays and Portraits
, 46-51; Lucien Wolf,
The Middle Ages of Anglo-Jewish History
1290-1656 (London 1888).
67.
P. M. Handover,
The Second Cecil
(London 1959), ch. xiii, ‘The Vile Jew’.
68.
Cecil Roth, ‘Philosemitism in England’, in
Essays and Portraits
, 10-21.
69.
For this episode see Cecil Roth, ‘The Mystery of the Resettlement’, in
Essays and Portraits
, 86-107.
70.
Joseph J. Blau and S. W. Baron,
The Jews in the United States 1790-1840: A Documentary History
, 3 vols (New York 1963), i, Introduction, xviiiff.
71.
Quoted in
ibid
., xxi.
72.
Ibid
., xxixff.
73.
Quoted in Israel,
op. cit
., 134.
74.
Ibid
., 129.
75.
Quoted in
ibid
.
76.
Ibid
., 130; O. K. Rabinowicz,
Sir Solomon de Medina
(London 1974).
77.
For the Salvadors, J. Picciotto,
Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History
(London 1956), 109-15, 153-6; for Gideon, A. M. Hyamson,
Sephardim of England
(London 1951), 128-33.
78.
The book is translated as
The Jews and Modern Capitalism
(London 1913).
79.
Alexander Marx,
Studies in Jewish History and Booklore
(New York 1969), ‘Some Jewish Book Collectors’, 198-237.
80.
Commentary to Mishnah Sanhedrin, x 1, quoted in Kochan,
op. cit
., 20.
81.
Ibid
., 55-7; M. A. Meyer (ed.),
Ideas of Jewish History
(New York 1974), 117ff.; S. W. Baron, ‘Azariah dei Rossi’s Historical Method’,
History and Jewish Historians
(Philadelphia 1964), 205-39.
82.
Byron L. Sherwin,
Mystical Theology and Social Dissent: The Life and Works of Judah Loew of Prague
(New York 1983).
83.
For the biography, see R. Kayser,
Spinoza: Portrait of a Spiritual Hero
(New York 1968); R. Willies (ed.),
Benedict de Spinoza: Life, Correspondence and Ethics
(London 1870).
84.
Text from Willies,
op. cit
., 34-5, and
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xv 275-84.
85.
Willies,
op. cit
., 35.
86.
Quoted in
ibid
., 72.
87.
L. Strauss,
Spinoza’s Critique of Religion
(trans., New York 1965).
88.
For documents, see
Chronicon Spinozanum
, 3 vols (Leiden 1921-3), i 278-82.
89.
Jonathan Bennett,
A Study of Spinoza’s Ethics
(Cambridge 1984), 32ff.
90.
Quoted in
ibid
., 34.
91.
For an appreciation of Spinoza’s thought see Bertrand Russell,
History of Western Philosophy
(London 1946), book iii, part 1, ch. 10.
92.
Deuteronomy 21:18-20; Sanhedrin 8, 5; 71a; Yebamoth 12, 1-2; quoted by Samuel Belkin,
In His Image: The Jewish Philosophy of Man as Expressed in the Rabbinical Tradition
(London 1961).
93.
J. R. Mintz,
In Praise of Ba’al Shem Tov
(New York 1970);
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, ix 1049ff.; Martin Buber,
Origins and Meaning of Hasidism
(London 1960).
94.
R. Schatz, ‘Contemplative Prayers in Hasidism’, in
Studies in Mysticism and Religion Presented to Gershom G. Scholem
(Jerusalem 1967), 209ff.
95.
Quoted in
ibid
., 213.
96.
Ibid
., 216.
97.
L. Ginzburg,
The Gaon, Rabbi Elijah
(London 1920).
98.
Quoted in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, vi 653.
99.
Arthur A. Cohen,
The Natural and Supernatural Jew
(London 1967), 20ff.
100.
Quoted in
ibid
., 24.
101.
Isaac Eisenstein Barzilay, ‘The Background of the Berlin Haskalah’, in Joseph L. Blaud
et al
. (eds):
Essays on Jewish Life and Thought
(New York 1959).
102.
Quoted in Cohen,
op. cit
.
103.
Alexander Altmann,
Essays in Jewish Intellectual History
(Brandeis 1981), and
Moses Mendelssohn: A Biographical Study
(University of Alabama 1973).
104.
Quoted in Altmann,
Essays
.
105.
Cohen,
op. cit
., 27-9.
106.
Quoted in
Encylopaedia Judaica
, vi 153.
107.
Blau and Baron,
op. cit
., xxii-xxiii.
108.
Roth,
Personalities and Events
, 256-70.
109.
See B. C. Kaganoff,
A Dictionary of Jewish Names and their History
(London 1977).
110.
A. Herzberg,
The French Enlightenment and the Jews
(New York 1968).
111.
Z. Sjakowlski,
Jews and the French Revolutions of 1789, 1830 and 1848
(New York 1970).
112.
Quoted in Cecil Roth, ‘Lord George Gordon’s Conversion to Judaism’, in
Essays and Portraits
, 193-4.
113.
Quoted in
ibid
., 205.
114.
Cecil Roth,
A History of the Great Synagogue
(London 1950), 214ff.
115.
Quoted in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, viii 1390-1432.
116.
Quoted in Ben Sasson,
History of the Jewish People
, 745; see Herzberg,
op. cit
.
117.
Quoted in Ben Sasson,
History of the Jewish People
.
118.
See R. Anchel,
Napoléon et les Juifs
(Paris 1928).
119.
F. Pietri,
Napoléon et les Israélites
(Paris 1965), 84-115.
PART FIVE: EMANCIPATION
1.
Quoted in M. C. N. Salbstein,
The Emancipation of the Jews in Britain
(New Jersey 1982), 98.
2.
Quoted in W. F. Moneypenny,
Life of Benjamin Disraeli
, 6 vols (London 1910), i 22.
3.
Fritz J. Raddatz,
Karl Marx: A Political Biography
(London 1979), ch. 1; for Marx’s family background, see Heinz Monz,
Karl Marx: Grundlagen der Entwicklung zu Leben und Werk
(Trier 1973).
4.
Emile Marmorstein,
Heaven at Bay: The Jewish Kulturkampf in the Holy Land
(Oxford 1969), 32.
5.
Quoted in H. H. Ben Sasson (ed.),
A History of the Jewish People
(trans., Harvard 1976), 826.
6.
Erstlingswerk
(Leipzig 1894), 233; quoted in Marmorstein,
op. cit
.
7.
The best is Bertrand Gille,
Histoire de la Maison Rothschild
, 2 vols (Geneva 1965-7).
8.
Quoted in Miriam Rothschild,
Dear Lord Rothschild: Birds, Butterflies and History
(London and Philadelphia 1983), 295-6.
9.
Ibid
., 301.
10.
David Landes,
Bankers and Pashas
(London 1958), ch. 1.
11.
Harold Pollins,
Economic History of the Jews in England
(East Brunswick 1982), 95-6.
12.
S. D. Chapman,
The Foundation of the English Rothschilds
, 1793-1811 (London 1977), 20ff.
13.
See Edward Herries,
Memoirs of the Public Life of John S. Herries
(London 1880); Gille,
op. cit
., i 45ff.; F. Crouzet,
L’Économie Britannique et le blocus continental 1806-13
(Paris 1958), 842.
14.
Gille,
op. cit
., i 458.
15.
Pollins,
op. cit
.; K. Helleiner,
The Imperial Loans
(Oxford 1965).
16.
Gille,
op. cit
., ii 571; see Pollins,
op. cit
., 245, table 5.
17.
G. Storey,
Reuters
(London 1951); F. Giles,
Prince of Journalists
(London 1962); Ronald Palin,
Rothschild Relish
(London 1970), quoted in Pollins,
op. cit
.
18.
Miriam Rothschild,
op. cit
., 9.
19.
Cecil Roth,
The Magnificent Rothschilds
(London 1939), 21.
20.
L. H. Jenks,
The Migration of British Capital to 1875
(London 1963).
21.
Salbstein,
op. cit
.
22.
Quoted in
ibid
., 165.
23.
Gille,
op. cit
., ii 591-616.
24.
Richard Davis,
The English Rothschilds
(London 1983).
25.
For details, see Roth,
op. cit
.
26.
Miriam Rothschild,
op. cit
., 298.
27.
Ibid
., 33.
28.
For an account of 1st Lord Rothschild, see
ibid
., 30-50.
29.
Ibid
., 40.
30.
Quoted in Roth,
op. cit
.
31.
Quoted in Salbstein,
op. cit
., 44.
32.
Cecil Roth,
Essays and Portraits in Anglo-Jewish History
(London 1962), 18-20.
33.
Geoffrey Finlayson,
The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury
(London 1981), 112-16, 154-9 etc.