History of the Jews (110 page)

125.
  
Peter Lineham,
Spanish Church and Society
(London 1983).

126.
  
M. M. Gorce,
St Vincent Ferrer
(Paris 1935).

127.
  
For Tortosa, see Maccoby,
op. cit
.; A. Pacios Lopez,
La Disputa de Tortosa
, 2 vols (Madrid 1957).

128.
  
Quoted in Maccoby,
op. cit
., 84.

129.
  
Ibid
., 86.

130.
  
A. Farinelli,
Marrano: storia di un vituperio
(Milan 1925), 36.

131.
  
Quoted in Haim Beinart,
Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real
(Jerusalem 1981), 3.

132.
  
Quoted in
Ibid
., 3, footnote 4.

133.
  
Quoted in
ibid
., 6.

134.
  
Baer,
op. cit
., ii 292.

135.
  
Quoted in Beinart,
op. cit
., 66.

136.
  
Ibid
., 10-19.

137.
  
Ibid
., 34, footnote 40; H. C. Lea,
A History of the Inquisition in Spain
, 4 vols (New York 1906-7), vol. i for origins.

138.
  
For detailed figures see Elkan Nathan Adler,
Auto da Fé and Jew
(Oxford 1908), esp. ch. viii, 39ff.

139.
  
Beinart,
op. cit
., 36-42.

140.
  
Lea,
op. cit
., i 178.

141.
  
G. A. Bergenroth (ed.),
Calendar of Letters…from Simancas
(London 1861), i Henry
VII
, xxxivff.; quoted in Beinart,
op. cit
., 28.

142.
  
Quoted in Baer,
op. cit
., ii 382.

143.
  
Beinart,
op. cit
., 130-5; 204-31. See also his
Records of the Trials of the Spanish Inquisition in Ciudad Real
, 3 vols (Jerusalem 1974-80).

144.
  
Lea,
op. cit
., iii 83ff.

145.
  
Beinart,
op. cit
., 194.

146.
  
For distinctions see H. J. Zimmels,
Askenazim and Sephardim
(New York 1958).

147.
  
M. Kaiserling,
Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Portuguese and Spanish Discoveries
(London 1907); Cecil Roth, ‘Who Was Columbus?’, in
Personalities and Events
, 192ff.

148.
  
Cecil Roth, ‘The Jewish Ancestry of Michel de Montaigne’, in
Personalities and Events
, 212ff., prints his family tree on p. 324. See also Chaim Raphael, ‘The Sephardi Diaspora’ in
The Road from Babylon: The Story of Sephardi and Oriental Jews
(London 1985), 127-58.

149.
  
Leon Poliakov,
Les Banquiers juifs et le Saint Siège du xiii au xvii siècles
(Paris 1965), 80-4, 147-56.

150.
  
Isaiah Shachar,
The Judensau: A Medieval Anti-Jewish Motif and its History
(London 1974).

151.
  
H. C. J. Duijker and N. H. Frijda,
National Character and National Stereotypes
(Amsterdam 1960); see also H. Fiscg,
The Dual Image
(New York 1971).

PART FOUR: GHETTO

1.
  
G. K. Anderson,
The Legend of the Wandering Jew
(London 1965); S. W. Baron,
Social and Religious History of the Jews
(2nd edn, New York, 1952), 11 177-82;
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xvi 259-63.

2.
  
Quoted in Lionel Kochan,
The Jew and his History
(London 1977), 39; see also Arthur A. Cohen,
The Natural and Supernatural Jew
(London 1967), 12ff.

3.
  
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, viii 1203-5.

4.
  
Cecil Roth,
Jewish Communities: Venice
(Philadelphia 1930), 49ff.

5.
  
Cecil Roth, ‘The Origin of the Ghetto’, in
Personalities and Events in Jewish History
(Philadelphia 1961), 226ff.

6.
  
Roth,
Venice
, 106-7.

7.
  
Ibid
., 46.

8.
  
Simhah Luzzatto,
Essay on the Jews of Venice
(trans., Jerusalem 1950), 122-3.

9.
  
Esther 2:3.

10.
  
Quoted in H. H. Ben Sasson (ed.),
A History of the Jewish People
(trans., Harvard 1976), 691.

11.
  
J. Bloch,
Venetian Printers of Hebrew Books
(London 1932), 5-16;
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, v 197; xvi 101; iv 1195-7.

12.
  
Quoted in Cecil Roth, ‘The Background of Shylock’, in
Personalities and Events
, 237ff.

13.
  
Quoted in
ibid
., 250.

14.
  
Ibid
., 288-9.

15.
  
Israel Adler, ‘The Rise of Art Music in the Italian Ghetto’, in Alexander Altmann (ed.),
Jewish Medieval and Renaissance Studies
(Harvard 1967), 321-64.

16.
  
Roth,
Personalities and Events
, 1-3.

17.
  
Alexander Marx, ‘A Jewish Cause Célèbre in Sixteenth Century Italy’,
Studies in Jewish History and Booklore
(New York 1969), 107-54.

18.
  
Cecil Roth, ‘The Amazing Abraham Colorni’, in
Personalities and Events
, 296ff.

19.
  
Cecil Roth, ‘A Community of Slaves’, in
Personalities and Events
, 112ff.

20.
  
Quoted in
ibid
., 114-15.

21.
  
W. L. Gundersheimer, ‘Erasmus, Humanism and the Christian Kabbalah’,
Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute
, 26 (1963), 38-52.

22.
  
Quoted in Jonathan I. Israel,
European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism
(Oxford 1985), 15.

23.
  
Cf. W. Linden (ed.),
Luther’s Kampfschriften gegen das Judentum
(Berlin 1936).

24.
  
Baron,
op. cit
., xiii 281-90.

25.
  
Israel,
op. cit
., 13.

26.
  
Ibid
., 16.

27.
  
K. R. Stow,
Catholic Thought and Papal Jewry Policy
1555-1593 (New York 1977).

28.
  
Brian Pulhan,
The Jews of Europe and the Inquisition of Venice 1550-1670
(Oxford 1983), ch. 2.

29.
  
Ibid
., 21.

30.
  
See, for instance, H. R. Trevor-Roper,
Religion, the Reformation and Social Change
(London 1967).

31.
  
Manasseh ben Israel, ‘The Hope of Israel’ (London 1652), printed in Lucien Wolf (ed.),
Manasseh ben Israel’s Mission to Oliver Cromwell
(London 1901), 50-1.

32.
  
Quoted in Ben Sasson,
op. cit
., 391.

33.
  
Quoted in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xii 244-56.

34.
  
Deuteronomy 7:13.

35.
  
Deuteronomy 15:6.

36.
  
Psalms 34:10.

37.
  
Quoted in Werner Sombart,
The Jews and Modern Capitalism
(trans., London 1913), 36.

38.
  
Ben Sasson,
op. cit
., 670-9.

39.
  
Israel,
op. cit
., 27-30.

40.
  
Erhard Oestreich,
Neostoicism and the Early Modern State
(Cambridge 1982), 45-56; Israel,
op. cit
., 38.

41.
  
Roth,
Venice
, 305-6; Benjamin Ravid,
Economics and Toleration in Seventeenth Century Venice
(Jerusalem 1978), 30-3; Israel,
op. cit
., 47-8.

42.
  
H. I. Bloom,
The Economic Activities of the Jews of Amsterdam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
(London 1937).

43.
  
O. Muneles,
The Prague Ghetto in the Renaissance Period
(London 1965).

44.
  
Israel,
op. cit
., 96; 88-90; 102ff.; 117.

45.
  
S. Stern,
Court Jew
(London 1950).

46.
  
For Oppenheimer see Israel,
op. cit
., 123ff.; Stern,
op. cit
.; M. Grunwald,
Samuel Oppenheimer und sein Kreis
(Frankfurt 1913);
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xii 1431-3.

47.
  
Quoted in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, iii 402-5.

48.
  
Israel,
op. cit
., 121.

49.
  
B. D. Weinryb,
The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1880
(Philadelphia 1972), 192-9;
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, v 480-4.

50.
  
See Gerhard Scholem, ‘Zohar: Manuscripts and Editions’,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xvi 211-12.

51.
  
For Luria see Gerhard Scholem,
Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism
(New York 1965), 244-86, 405-15; and
Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah 1626-76
(trans., London 1973), 28-44.