History of the Jews (107 page)

36.
  
Zechariah 13:3ff.

37.
  
Ecclesiasticus 24:33; Enid B. Mellor (ed.),
The Making of the Old Testament
(Cambridge 1972).

38.
  
Roland de Vaux,
Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions
(trans., New York 1961), 343-4; for earliest references, see
Encyclopaedia Judaica
,
XV
579-81.

39.
  
Ezra 2:64-5; pop. of Jerusalem in Pseudo-Hecateus, quoted by Josephus:
Contra Apionem
, 1:197;
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xiii 870.

40.
  
Daniel 7:7.

41.
  
Ecclesiastes 5:8ff.; 6; see Martin Hengel,
Judaism and Hellenism
(trans., 2 vols, London 1974), i 14-31.

42.
  
Davies,
op. cit
., 61; Harrison,
op. cit
.

43.
  
Jonah 4:11. See Michael Grant,
A History of Ancient Israel
(London, 1984), 194-5.

44.
  
Hengel,
op. cit
., i 65-9; ii 46, notes 59-61.

45.
  
Ibid
., i 55-7.

46.
  
E. Bickermann,
From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees: The Foundations of Post-Biblical Judaism
(New York 1962); Hengel,
op. cit
., i 270.

47.
  
Jad. 4:6 (first century
AD
).

48.
  
Isocrates,
Panegyr
, 4:50; H. C. Baldry,
The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought
(Cambridge 1966), 69ff.

49.
  
Sota 49b; quoted Hengel,
op. cit
., i 76; see also
ibid
., 300ff.

50.
  
II
Maccabees 4:12-14.

51.
  
H. H. Ben Sasson (ed.),
A History of the Jewish People
(trans., Harvard 1976), 202ff.

52.
  
Sukk. 56b.

53.
  
Ezra 7:26.

54.
  
II
Maccabees 13:3ff.; Josephus,
Antiquities
, 12:384.

55.
  
I
Maccabees 13:42.

56.
  
I
Maccabees 13:51. For details of the crisis, see Ben Sasson,
op. cit
., 202-16.

57.
  
Hengel,
op. cit
., 291ff.

58.
  
E. Ebner,
Elementary Education in Ancient Israel during the Tannaitic Period
(New York 1956).

59.
  
Deuteronomy 31:19.

60.
  
Josephus,
Antiquities
, 13:280.

61.
  
Ibid
., 13:300.

62.
  
Sanhedrin 19a; Sot. 47a; Kid. 66a.

63.
  
Josephus,
Antiquities
, 14:380.

64.
  
For Herod see Stewart Perowne,
The Life and Times of Herod the Great
(London 1956); F. O. Busch,
The Five Herods
(New York 1958).

65.
  
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, xiii 871.

66.
  
Deuteronomy 16:16; Exodus 23:17.

67.
  
For Herod’s Temple, see Joan Comay,
The Temple of Jerusalem, with the History of the Temple Mount
(London 1975); Kathleen Kenyon,
Digging Up Jerusalem
(London 1974);
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, viii 383-5;
XV
961ff.

68.
  
Antiquities
, 15:380-425;
Wars
, 5:184-247.

69.
  
Josephus,
Wars
, 4:262; 5:17;
Antiquities
, 16:14.

70.
  
Josephus,
Wars
, 6:282.

71.
  
For Greeks and Jews, see Hengel,
op. cit
., esp. 310ff.; W. W. Tarn and G. T. Griffith,
Hellenist Civilization
(3rd edn, London 1952).

72.
  
Thanksgiving Psalm from Qumran Cave One; cf.
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, iii 179ff.

73.
  
Daniel 12:1-2.

74.
  
Enoch 1-5; 37-71. See H. H. Rowley,
The Relevance of Apocalyptic
(London 1947).

75.
  
Numbers 25:7-15.

76.
  
Josephus,
War
, 2:118.

77.
  
See, for instance, S. G. F. Brandon,
Jesus and the Zealots
(London 1967) and
The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth
(London 1968); W. R. Farmer,
Maccabees, Zealots and Josephus
(London 1956).

78.
  
A. Dupont-Sommer,
The Jewish Sect of Qumran and the Essenes
(New York 1954); H. A. Butler,
Man and Society in the Qumran Community
(London 1959).

79.
  
Ben Sasson,
op. cit
., 253-4; C. F. Kraeling,
John the Baptist
(London 1951).

80.
  
Isaiah 40:3.

81.
  
II
Samuel 7; 23:1-5; 22:44-51.

82.
  
For instance, Psalm 18; Amos 9:11-12; Hosea 11:10; Ezekiel 37:15ff.

83.
  
Acts of the Apostles 5:34-40.

84.
  
M. Hooker,
Jesus and the Servant
(London 1959).

85.
  
John Bowker,
Jesus and the Pharisees
(Cambridge 1983), esp. 1-20.

86.
  
G. F. Moore,
Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era
(London 1927) i 72-82; Bowker,
op. cit
., 32-3.

87.
  
Pes. 66a; Suk. 20a; see
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, viii 282-5.

88.
  
Shab. 31a.

89.
  
Mark 7:14-15; Bowker,
op. cit
., 44ff.

90.
  
E. Bamel (ed.),
The Trial of Jesus
(London 1970), esp. ‘The Problem of the Historicity of the Sanhedrin Trial’.

91.
  
J. Blinzner, ‘The Jewish Punishment of Stoning in the New Testament Period’, and E. Bammel, ‘Crucifixion as a punishment in Palestine’, in E. Bammel,
op. cit
., 147-61 and 162-5.

92.
  
Encyclopaedia Judaica
,
X
12-13 and bibliography; H. Cohn,
The Death of Jesus
(New York 1971); S. G. F. Brandon,
The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth
(London 1968).

93.
  
By, for example, E. R. Goodenough, ‘Paul and the Hellenization of Christianity’, in J. Neusner (ed.),
Religions in Antiquity
(Leiden 1968), 22-68.

94.
  
Samuel Sandmel,
Judaism and Christian Beginnings
(Oxford 1978), 308-36.

95.
  
E. P. Sanders,
Paul and Palestinian Judaism
(London 1977), 555-6.

96.
  
Mark 14:24-8.

97.
  
Galatians 3:29; Romans 4:12-25.

98.
  
Paul to the Colossians, 3:9-11.

99.
  
Acts of the Apostles, 7:48-60.

100.
  
Acts 15:5ff.; Galatians 2:6-9.

101.
  
J. N. Sevenster,
The Roots of Pagan Anti-Semitism in the Ancient World
(Leiden 1975), 89ff.

102.
  
Quoted in
ibid
., 90.

103.
  
Contra Apionem
, 1:71.

104.
  
Diodorus,
Bibliotheca
, 34:1, 1ff.; quoted in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, iii 87ff.

105.
  
Wisdom of Solomon 12:3-11.

106.
  
Sevenster,
op. cit
., 8-11.

107.
  
Josephus,
Antiquities
, 14:187, 190ff.

108.
  
Ibid
., 19:286ff.

109.
  
Quoted in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, iii 90.

110.
  
Tacitus,
Histories
, 5:13.

111.
  
Ben Sasson,
op. cit
., 296ff.

112.
  
Shaye J. D. Cohen,
Josephus in Galilee and Rome: His Vita and Development as a Historian
(Leiden 1979), appendix 1, 243ff.; 253ff.

113.
  
Listed in
ibid
., 3-23.

114.
  
Ibid
., 238-41.

115.
  
Ibid
., 181.

116.
  
For analysis of Josephus’ account, see
ibid
., 230ff.

117.
  
Josephus,
Wars
, 2:408, 433.

118.
  
Yigael Yadin,
Masada: Herod’s Fortress and the Zealots’ Last Stand
(London 1966).

119.
  
For Tacitus’ anti-Semitism, see
Histories
, 5:1-13;
Annals
, 15:44; see also Juvenal’s poem,
Saturae
, 14:96ff.

120.
  
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
, book 69.

121.
  
Eusebius,
Ecclesiastical History
, 4:6, 2; Numbers 24:17.