Shirley Jackson: A Rather Haunted Life (40 page)

Most clearly, the figure of the daemon lover represents Jackson’s fears about the world outside the relative safety of her marriage—the simultaneous lure and danger of the unknown. But when Jackson married Hyman, she saw him, too, as a kind of daemon lover, sweeping her out of her parents’ upper-class, bourgeois lifestyle into a world as alluring, and as foreign, as the land of wonder offered by James Harris. If
some elements of their marriage had lived up to her expectations—the intellectual stimulation he offered, their shared jokes, their symbiosis of writer and critic—others clearly had not. “you once wrote me a letter . . . telling me that i would never be lonely again. i think that was the first, the most dreadful, lie you ever told me,” Jackson would later write to Hyman in an undated letter enumerating possible reasons for divorcing him. The line uncannily echoes the confession by one of Glanvill’s witches of her relationship with the devil: “He promised her, when she made her Contract with him, that she should want nothing, but ever since she hath wanted all things.”

“
ONCE IN A LONG
while a book publisher, because of definite signs and general intuition, feels the touch of magic that makes for an important book. . . . We believe we have such a book,” John Farrar and Roger Straus wrote to reviewers and booksellers in March 1949, a month before publishing
The Lottery: or, The Adventures of James Harris
. The book was featured in early reviews in both the daily and Sunday
New York Times
, the Associated Press called it “a work of genius and the publishing event of the year,” and the U.S. government bought fifteen hundred copies for Army and Navy libraries. Two days before the official publication date of April 13,
The Lottery
had already gone into a second printing. Within two months it sold five thousand copies, almost unheard of for a collection of short fiction.

Jackson was thrilled by the sales—the previous Christmas, with no advance yet for Hyman and a number of her stories circulating but not yet accepted, she had been reduced to asking her parents for a loan. (After the book appeared, Geraldine wrote that she and Leslie were “very pleased and proud that the new book is dedicated to us—our little girl getting so well known” but characteristically refrained from saying anything about its contents.) But Jackson found Farrar, Straus’s promotional efforts distasteful, if effective. They were playing up the book as “the most terrifying piece of literature ever printed, which is bad enough, and . . . [saying it] will give ulcers to anyone who reads it,” she complained, rightly believing that such insinuations trivialized her
work. Publicist Pyke Johnson was telling any reporter who would listen that Jackson had used witchcraft to break Knopf’s leg. “Boy, that story is sure going to sell copies,” he told her, slapping her on the back.

His instincts were correct. “With attractive features and a pair of quite un-evil eyes behind glasses, she does not resemble a witch,” wrote W. G. Rogers in a profile of Jackson for the Associated Press (headlined “Shirley Jackson Is ‘Sure ’Nuff’ Witch”). He brought up the story about Knopf and asked Jackson to tell him all about black magic. “fortunately he had just bought me two drinks, so i was able to tell him, very fluently indeed, about black magic and incantations and the practical application of witchcraft to everyday life, most of which i remembered out of various mystery stories,” she wrote to her parents. The part about the mystery stories, Jackson’s indulgence throughout her life, wasn’t true. Her library of witchcraft books, as Rogers noted in his piece, now numbered in the hundreds of volumes. Rogers’s remark in his review of
The Lottery
—“Miss Jackson writes not with a pen but a broomstick”—would be repeated by countless wags in the years to come. Reviewers also compared her to Saki and Truman Capote, neither of them “writers i admire particularly,” she grumbled.

Jackson claimed to be embarrassed by the witchcraft talk. She told her parents it made her feel “as though i had a very bad hangover and everyone was telling me the screamingly funny things i had done the night before.” If she really had a broomstick, she said, she would fly to California and hide in their cellar. In fact, Rogers’s article made it clear that he did not take the story about Knopf seriously. He concluded that Jackson was like a witch in only one way: “She is hard to pin down.”

Despite her distaste for self-promotion, Jackson proved adept with reporters, slipping in and out of her personas with the agility of James Harris. Bowing to stereotypes of the period, she preferred to present herself to reporters and critics—virtually all of whom were men—as a women’s-magazine-certified happy homemaker who tossed off her stories during breaks from dusting. “I can’t persuade myself . . . that writing is honest work,” she said cheerily in an interview with Harvey Breit of
The New York Times Book Review
, validating on one level the comment from the hospital clerk who switched her occupation from writer
to housewife. “Fifty percent of my life is spent washing and dressing the children, cooking, washing dishes and clothes and mending. After I get it all to bed, I turn around to my typewriter and try to—well, to create concrete things again. It’s great fun, and I love it. But it doesn’t tie any shoes.” Writing was “relaxing,” she said later in the interview: “I do it because it’s fun, because I like it.” Breit, too, fell into her trap, emphasizing Jackson’s domesticity: “She looks not only wholesome but very much on the dayside. . . . She subtly radiates an atmosphere of coziness and comfort.”

The tug-of-war between these three dimensions of Jackson’s character—writer, housewife, and witch—is evident in various drafts of a biographical note that her publisher asked her to write for publicity purposes. In one version, she is sanguine—perhaps excessively so—about the children’s influence on her writing:

i don’t like housework, but i do it because no one else will. my older daughter and i are practically learning to cook together. i write in the evenings mostly, i guess, although sometimes i let the children help me write in the mornings. they are all very sympathetic about my writing, and my son no longer tries to justify me to his friends.

The draft concludes: “i like cats and dogs and children and books. i wish i didn’t have to write this.”

But another version in a strikingly different tone suggests that magic may have meant more to Jackson than she was willing to admit to her parents. “I am tired of writing dainty little biographical things that pretend that I am a trim little housewife in a Mother Hubbard stirring up appetizing messes over a wood stove,” it begins:

I live in a dank old place with a ghost that stomps around in the attic room we’ve never gone into (I
think
it’s walled up) and the first thing I did when we moved in was to make charms in black crayon on all the door sills and window ledges to keep out demons, and was successful in the main. There are mushrooms
growing in the cellar, and a number of marble mantels which have an unexplained habit of falling down onto the heads of the neighbors’ children.

At the full of the moon I can be seen out in the backyard digging for mandrakes, of which we have a little patch, along with rhubarb and blackberries. I do not usually care for these herbal or bat wing recipes, because you can never be sure how they will turn out. I rely almost entirely on image and number magic.

Whether understood as a parlor trick or something more, Jackson’s magic was of a piece with her housewife persona: it had a thoroughly domestic cast. “i’m a kind-hearted mama who studies evil all the time,” one of her late characters says. (The line is a reference to Robert Johnson’s “Kind Hearted Woman Blues.”) One of her favorite “tricks,” friends would recall, was to slam a kitchen drawer jumbled with utensils and name the one she wanted; when she opened the drawer again, it would invariably be on top. She and her editors had a running joke regarding her ability to engineer victories for the Brooklyn Dodgers. “I suggest you write to Shirley and have her order from her usual source of supply a series of light sun-showers for Saturday, to end with your
arrival at the stadium,” a mutual friend wrote to John Farrar in a letter that accompanied tickets to a Dodgers-versus-Yankees World Series game in 1949. “I’ll be glad to reimburse her for all materials used in the order: Eye of newt, and toe of frog . . . the usual stuff.” She was said to have turned up at Ebbets Field “with a string of rattles and other gadgets” to hex the Yankees. Alas, Jackson’s magic was insufficient: the Dodgers lost.

Witches assembling for the Sabbath, from Johannes Geiler von Keisersperg,
Die Emeis
[The Ant-Colony], Strasbourg, 1517. Reprinted from Émile Grillot de
Givry’s Witchcraft, Magic, and Alchemy.

All that was fine, as long as no one else took it seriously, or suspected that she took it seriously. But in some ways she did. Witchcraft, whether she practiced it or simply studied it, was important to Jackson for what it symbolized: female strength and potency. The witchcraft chronicles she treasured—written by male historians, often men of the church, who sought to demonstrate that witches presented a serious threat to Christian morality—are stories of powerful women: women who defy social norms, women who get what they desire, women who can channel the power of the devil himself. In classic accounts of the witches’ sabbath, a gathering of sorcerers and witches presided over by Satan, the sexual and domestic connotations are obvious: witches attend naked, flying to the sabbath via their chimneys. In the earliest chronicles, they flew on pitchforks; later the pitchforks turned into brooms, another symbol of home and hearth. To call oneself a witch, then, is to claim some of that power.
Everyone will be afraid of me and do what I say
, reads one of the notes left by the creek in
The Road Through the Wall
, a note written by a victimized girl.

And magic, for Jackson, was inextricably connected to her writing. “i like writing fiction better than anything, because just being a writer of fiction gives you an absolutely unassailable protection against reality; nothing is ever seen clearly or starkly, but always through a thin veil of words,” she wrote in a brief talk she often gave, in different versions, to introduce her readings; a version of it appears in
Come Along with Me
, a posthumously published collection of her writings edited by Hyman, as “Experience and Fiction.”

a story can derive from anything. my daughter sally pointed this out to me most vividly one irritating morning, when i was
wrestling with the refrigerator door, which would never open easily; sally came into the kitchen and told me that fighting the refrigerator was useless; what i needed was magic. when i thought about it, it seemed like a better idea, so i abandoned the refrigerator and went in to the typewriter and wrote a story about trying to unstick the refrigerator door and when the story sold i bought a new refrigerator. thus experience plus magic equals fiction.

This is jocular, of course. But on some level writing was a form of witchcraft to Jackson—a way to transform everyday life into something rich and strange, something more than what it appeared to be. In “The Third Baby’s the Easiest,” Jackson quotes Othello’s lines about how he wooed Desdemona by telling her stories of his adventures: “She loved me for the dangers I had pass’d, / And I loved her that she did pity them.” The line that follows, which she does not quote, resonates silently: “This only is the witchcraft I have used.”

JACKSON EARNED BACK
her advance and began to accumulate royalties even before
The Lottery
was published. In the second half of 1949 she also sold three stories to
Good Housekeeping
, at $1000 apiece. (After giving birth to Sarah, she told Ralph Ellison, she came out of the hospital “full of ultra-violet rays and story plots.”) After she and Hyman paid all their bills and their income tax, there was enough money left over for them to acquire a television set—“one of the first ones, with a tiny screen,” a childhood friend of Joanne’s recalls—on which they loved to watch baseball games and boxing matches.

Jackson was also finally able to fix her teeth, which had been a longtime source of discomfort: “The Tooth” offers an all-too-vivid description of the “crash of pain” that accompanies a toothache. Her teeth had deteriorated to the point that many would no longer hold fillings, and her dentist recommended she replace her top teeth with an artificial plate. She was surprised by how pleased she was with her appearance afterward. “now that i am not constantly uncomfortable because my teeth looked so terrible, i have no trouble with things like speaking in
public . . . or being interviewed. also i grin in all the photographs,” she wrote to her parents. This was not quite true—Jackson would always be a nervous interview subject. In a rare moment of praise, Geraldine told her daughter that she was “very brave to go to New York all alone and have all those teeth out” but reprimanded her for not notifying her parents in advance: “You must always tell us about yourself. You must not forget that you are still our little girl.”