The Joy of Pain (40 page)

18
. See
http://sports.espn.go.com/golf/usopen10/columns/story?columnist=harig_bob&id=52671
, retrieved June 15, 2010.

19
. See
http://sports.espn.go.com/golf/usopen10/columns/story?columnist=harig_bob&id=5267152
, retrieved June 15, 2010.

20
. See
http://www.frontporchrepublic.com/2010/03/an-apologia-for-tiger-woods/
, retrieved June 15, 2010.

21
. See
http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2010/feb/20/geoff-calkins-time-will-tell-if-tiger-woods-apolog/
, retrieved June 15, 2010.

22
. See
http://www.golf.com/golf/tours_news/article/0,28136,1888274,00.html
, retrieved June 15, 2010.

23
. See
http://blogs.golf.com/presstent/2010/02/tiger-rules-hell-talk-friday.html
, retrieved June 15, 2010.

24
. See
http://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/story/2012-07-22/ernie-els-wins-british-open/56415126/1
, retrieved August 20, 2012.

25
. See
http://www.supergolfclubs.net/tiger-calls-out-ernie-els-not-a-big-worker-physically/
, retrieved May 30, 2012.

26
. See
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/golf/4444156/Ernie-Els-to-celebrate-Open-win-with-Nelson-Mandela.html
, retrieved August 20, 2012; and
http://www.sbnation.com/golf/2012/7/22/3176267/ernie-els-2012-british-open-speech-video
, retrieved August 20, 2012.

27
. See
http://www.buzzingolf.co.uk/matchmaker-jesper-parnevik-angry-at-tiger-woods/617
, retrieved June 15, 2010; and
http://sports.espn.go.com/golf/news/story?id=4924113
, retrieved May 12, 2012.

28
. See
http://www.snpp.com/episodes/7F23.html
, retrieved April 5, 2010.

29
. Ibid.

30
. Why the German language has a word for this concept, and English does not is hard to say. Some languages do (e.g.,
leedvemaak
in Dutch); some don't (e.g., French).

31
. Ben-Ze'ev (2000); Portmann (2000).

32
. See
http://chronicle.com/article/The-Pleasure-of-Seeing-the/125381
, retrieved January 12, 2011.

33
. Ibid.

34
. See
http://chronicle.com/article/article-content/125621/
, retrieved January 12, 2012.

35
. See
http://strangebehaviors.wordpress.com/2007/07/12/the-elusive-etymology-of-an-emotion/
, retrieved June 27, 2010.

Note: Page numbers followed by an italicized letter
f
or
n
indicate material found in figures or notes. Names in italics indicate fictional characters.

Abdul, Paula,
95

Abel,
127
–128

Abraham, F. Murray,
110

academic misconduct,
76
–77

action/inaction, envy and,
153
–154

adaptive function/benefits.
See also
evolution

of compassion,
xvii

of altruistic tendencies,
191
n
20

of envy,
132

of group identity,
42
,
148

of social comparisons,
12
–14

of vengeful urges,
xvii
,
87

Aeschylus,
79

Aesop fable (ant and grasshopper),
83

African Americans, treatment of,
85
–86

The Age of Empathy
(de Waal),
xvii

aggression, envy-triggered,
xvii
,
133
,
138

Alabama football fans,
36
–40

alcohol/alcoholism,
21
–22

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
,
85

Alicke, Mark,
14
,
82

Amadeus
(film),
110
,
134
–138,
211
n
5

Ambrosino, Dominic,
69

American Idol
,
xv
,
93
–96.
See also
reality television

America's Next Top Model
(television show),
96

amygdala,
111

amour propre
(self-pride),
5

“anesthesia of the heart,”
64

anterior cingulate cortex,
111

anti-Semitism.
See also
Hitler, Adolf; Nazis

envy and,
xvi
–xvii,
147
–151,
218
n
25

Epstein on,
219
–220
n
33

of Hitler,
143
–147

in scapegoating of Jews,
147
–151

Anti-Semitism: Its history and causes
(Lazare),
218
n
25

antisocial behaviors,
26

Apaches,
89

Apollo 13
(film),
xiii

Aquaro, George,
128

Aquinas, St. Thomas,
70

Aristotle,
27
,
63
,
109

Aronson, Elliot,
119

Aston, Trevor,
83
–84

Atherton, William,
107

The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
,
19

attractiveness pairings,
11

attributional bias.
See
fundamental attribution error

Atwater, Lee,
198
n
28

Auden, W. H.,
88

Aunt Dahlia
,
184

authority, obedience to,
166
–169

bad, born to be,
51
–54

Baker, James A., III,
163

Bakker, Jim,
71

Bataan Death March,
91

Battle of the Bulge,
157

Baumeister, Roy,
63
–64

bear, joke about grizzly,
xii

Becker, Ernest,
60
–61

The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion
(Lerner),
81

Bellow, Saul,
177

Bennett, Bill,
74

Ben-Ze'ev, Aaron,
185
,
207
n
52

Berga, East Germany,
157

Bergson, Henri,
64

Berlin Olympics of 1936,
47

“the better angels of our nature,”
xvii

“better-than-average effect,”
14
–16,
15
f
,
192
n
31

Beyond Revenge: The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct
(McCullough),
xvii

Bible

on the theme of envy,
127
–129

on judging others,
163

on vengeance,
89

Big Brother
(television show),
96

bin Laden, Osama,
79
,
82

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich,
151
–152

The Book of Virtues
(Bennett),
74

Booker, Sara,
xv
,
96

Born to Be Good
(Keltner),
xvii

born to be good or bad,
51
–54

Botvinick, Matthew,
41

Boucher, Katie,
116

Bradley, Ed,
24
–26

Brady, Tom,
40
–41

Breakfast at Tiffany's
(film),
93

Brecht, Bertolt,
59

Bridge of Sighs
(Russo),
138
–139

British Open,
182

Brobdingnagians,
122

Brooks, Mel,
29

Brosnan, Sarah,
13
,
63

The Brotherhood of the Disappearing Pants: A Field Guide to Conservative Sex Scandals
(book),
73

Bryant, Paul “Bear,”
36

Bumfights
(DVD series),
25

Burke, Edmund,
115
–116

Bush, George W.,
45

Bushman, Brad,
63
–64

Buss, David,
12
,
132

Cain,
127
–128

Capone, Al,
55
–56

Capote, Truman,
57
–58

Capra, Frank,
184

Carlin, George,
16
,
21

Carlsmith, Kevin,
89
,
90
–91

Carnegie, Dale,
55
–57

Carraway, Nick
,
163

Cassavetes, John,
68

Castro, Fidel,
119

To Catch A Predator
,
xv
,
98
–108,
170
–172,
223
n
14.
See also
reality television

Chang, Jung,
116

Chase, Chevy,
1
,
119
,
163

cheating, moralizing about,
76
–77,
77
f

Cheever, Susan,
21
–22,
193
n
6

Cheshire Cat
,
85

children

envy over inequality,
130

parents experience and,
34
–35

unequal treatment of,
13
–14

unguarded behavior of,
59
–61

Chronicle of Higher Education
,
185

Cialdini, Robert,
57
,
75

Cikara, Mina,
41
–42,
151
,
153
–154

Civil War,
16
,
19
,
173
–174

Clutter, Herbert,
57
–58,
64

The Code of the Woosters
(Wodehouse),
30
–32,
184
–185

Cohen, Alexis,
96

Cohen, Roger,
157
–160

Cohen, Taya,
42

Colbert, Stephen,
46

Cold War,
86

Columbia Journalism Review
,
102

Columbia University,
36

Combs, David,
45

comedians.
See
superiority theory of humor

Commando
(film),
88

comparisons with others,
2
–4.
See also
social comparisons

compassionate responses,
xvii

competition

in life,
xiii

self-interest in,
52
–53

competitive instincts between groups versus between individuals,
42

Conspiracy
(film),
156

Coscarelli, Joe,
xiv

Cowell, Simon,
95
–96

Crane, Stephen,
16

Crowley, Candy,
54

Crystal, Billy,
33

Cuddy, Amy,
148

“culpable control,”
82

culturally shared standards of deservingness,
68
,
79

Dante,
128

Dateline NBC
,
99
–100,
103
–104

“Dead Putting Society” (television show episode),
122

Democrats/Democratic Party,
45
–46,
47
f
,
54

De Palma, Brian,
68

deserved misfortune.
See also
justice

examples of,
68
–71

impersonal satisfaction and,
202
n
19,
204
n
4

of hypocrites,
71
–77

“just desserts,”
69

pleasure from,
xiv
,
185
–187

research/studies on,
76
–77

shame and,
48

Die Hard
films,
107

Diener, Ed,
xvii

A Discourse on Inequality
(Rousseau),
5

The Doctor and the Damned
(Haas),
58

dog behavior, in unequal treatment studies,
13

Don Giovanni
(Mozart),
136

Dover, Kenneth,
83
–84

downward comparison.
See also
social comparisons

antisocial behaviors and,
26

dark origins of,
24
–27

drunkenness and,
21
–22

experimental evidence of,
6
–8

group identity in,
32

humor and,
27
,
30
–32

in media,
23
–24

passive vs. active,
22
,
25
,
31

personal benefits/gain,
xii
,
111

as pleasing,
22
,
24
–26

reality TV and,
xv

restorative power of,
25

“safe” targets for,
26

strategies for,
22
–23

drinking/drunkenness,
21
–22

“drunkenfreude,”
21
,
193
n
6

Duke University,
37
–38,
41

Dutch soccer fans,
39

Eastern Kentucky,
91

Edwards, Jonathan,
70
–71

Eichmann, Adolf,
86
,
154
–155,
158

Einstein, Albert,
150
–151

Els, Ernie,
180
,
182

Elster, Jon,
130

Emmons, Robert,
xvii

empathy

human capacity for,
xvii

self-interest and,
62
–65

Entertaining
(Stewart),
117

entertainment, humiliation as,
xv

envy

adaptive function of,
132