The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World (123 page)

109.
   “for such Person”: Taylor,
Haven-Finding Art,
253.

110.
   financial incentive: Turner, “In the Wake of the Act,” 122.

111.
   lunar distances: Howse, “The Lunar-Distance Method of Measuring Longitude,” 150–61.

112.
   John Harrison: King, “ ‘John Harrison, Clockmaker at Barrow,’ ” 168–87; Andrewes, “Even Newton Could Be Wrong,” 190–233.

113.
   he completed work on H4: Randall, “The Timekeeper That Won the Longitude Prize,” 236–54.

114.
   “Mr Kendal’s Watch”: Cook to the Admiralty Secretary, Mar. 22, 1775, in
Journals,
vol. 2,
Voyage of the Resolution and Adventure,
50.

115.
   Gerard Mercator: Koeman et al., “Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries,” 1323–28.

116.
   Edward Wright:
Tyacke, “Chartmaking in England,” 1743–45.

117.
   Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer: Schilder and van Egmond, “Maritime Cartography in the Low Countries,” 1393–97.

118.
   Willem Blaeu: Ibid., 1398–1401, 1422–26.

119.
   Alexander Dalrymple: Ritchie,
Admiralty Chart,
18–19.

120.
   Joseph F. W. Des Barres: Morgan, “Des Barres.”

1.
   “attempt to facilitate”: Fitch to Congress, Aug. 19, 1785, in Flexner,
Steamboats Come True,
79.

2.
   “water craft, which might be urged”: New Jersey state legislature, Mar. 18, 1786, in Flexner,
Steamboats Come True,
94.

3.
   “The Mississippi, as I before wrote you”: Fulton to Joel Barlow, Apr. 19, 1812, in Sutcliffe,
Robert Fulton and the
Clermont, 221.

4.
   sternwheels were not widely adopted: Hunter,
Steamboats on the Western Rivers,
167–75.

5.
   in 1840 New Orleans: Carter,
Lower Mississippi,
221.

6.
   average time: Mak and Walton, “Steamboats and the Great Productivity Surge,” 630; Hunter,
Steamboats on the Western Rivers,
22–25.

7.
   “great raft”: Hunter,
Steamboats on the Western Rivers,
196–99.

8.
   “At this point commences”: Morris to John Parish, Dec. 20, 1800, in Rubin, “Innovating Public Improvement,” 26–27.

9.
   The time needed: Bernstein,
Wedding of the Waters,
327.

10.
   New York became the primary port: Page, “Transportation of Immigrants,” 736.

11.
   Canada embarked: Desloges and Gelly,
Lachine Canal,
21.

12.
   floating population: MacLeod, “Social Policy and the ‘Floating Population,’ ” 105.

13.
   Johann Gottfried Tulla’s: Blackbourn,
Conquest of Nature,
97–119.

14.
   “directed into a single bed”: In ibid., 91.

15.
   “It is our intention”: Jeremiah Thompson et al. to Cropper Benson & Co., and Rathbone Hodgson & Co., in Albion, “Planning the Black Ball Line,” 107.

16.
   averaged about twenty-five days: Butler,
Sailing on Friday,
36.

17.
   “Arrival of the
Sirius
Steamer”:
New York Herald,
in Penrose,
1838 April Fourth 1938,
18.

18.
   
Sirius
and
Great Western
: Sheppard,
“Sirius”;
Griffiths,
Brunel’s
Great Western, 32–44.

19.
   government subsidies: Bacon,
Manual of Ship Subsidies,
17–18.

20.
   “Our cabin is something”: Dickens to Frederick Dickens, Jan. 3, 1842, in
Letters,
3:7.

21.
   “I suggest cost not be considered”: James Ashton Bayard (Delaware), in Butler,
Atlantic Kingdom
, 101.

22.
   congressional subsidy: Bacon,
Manual of Ship Subsidies,
75–77.

23.
   “under the inspection”: In Morison,
“Old Bruin,”
256.

24.
   “extravagantly showy”: Ibid., 259.

25.
   “an air of almost Oriental magnificence”: Abbott, “Ocean Life,” 62.

26.
   
“to take a whole state-room”
: In Brinnin,
The Sway of the Grand Saloon,
172.

27.
   The loss of the
Arctic
:
New York Daily Times,
Oct. 13, 1854, p. 4.

28.
   “Ocean tragedies”: In Brown,
Women and Children Last,
10.

29.
   “One in view of their conduct”:
New York Daily Times,
Oct. 13, 1854, 4.

30.
   “Of the flower”:
Whitman,
Leaves of Grass,
345.

31.
   “If [the Collins Line] had spent”: William T. S. Barry (Mississippi), in Brown,
Women and Children Last,
181.

32.
   “the well known practice”: Franklin to Julien-David Le Roy, “Maritime Observations,” August 1785, in
Writings,
381. See Chaplin,
First Scientific American,
317–18.

33.
   “Life-boats and life-preservers”: Maury,
Steam-Lanes Across the Atlantic,
5.

34.
   Maury recommended: Ibid., 6.

35.
   “to decide the momentous question”:
New York Herald,
editorial, Oct. 26, 1889, in Williams,
Matthew Fontaine Maury,
267.

36.
   Sloo Line: Bacon,
Manual of Ship Subsidies,
71–72.

37.
   more than 750 sailing ships: Schultz,
Forty-niners ’Round the Horn,
264n3.

38.
   more than thirteen thousand miles: Ibid., 10.

39.
   “the
Gulph Stream
”: Chaplin,
First Scientific American
, 196–200, 289–91, 304–5, 310–11.

40.
   transmissibility of reliable information: Huler,
Defining the Wind,
109–10.

41.
   “the very useful work”: Dalrymple (1779), in ibid., 104–5.

42.
   “to generalize the experience”: Maury to John Quincy Adams, Nov. 14, 1847, in Williams,
Matthew Fontaine Maury,
178.

43.
   ten million dollars per year: Williams,
Matthew Fontaine Maury,
190–92.

44.
   “the search for speed”: The phrase is from Howard I. Chapelle,
The Search for Speed Under Sail, 1700–1855
(New York: Norton, 1967).

45.
   “This magnificent ship”: Duncan McLean, “The New Clipper Ship
Stag Hound,
of Boston,”
Boston Atlas,
Dec. 21, 1850, in Howe and Matthews,
American Clipper Ships,
2:619.

46.
   medium clipper or Down Easter: Paine,
Down East,
76–78.

47.
   “the most unsightly”: Graham, “Ascendancy of the Sailing Ship, 1850–1855,” 78.

48.
   twice the capacity: Ibid., 81.

49.
   economic advantages: Kaukiainen, “Aspects of Competition Between Steam and Sail,” 114–15.

50.
   about three hundred junks: Viraphol,
Tribute and Profit,
180.

51.
   10 percent of the British government’s total revenue: Keay,
Honourable Company,
452.

52.
   laws proscribing opium: Hsü,
Rise of Modern China,
168–73.

53.
   Treaty of Nanking: Ibid., 184–91.

54.
   westerners next looked to Japan: Sansom,
History of Japan, 1615–1867,
232.

55.
   Vasilii M. Golovnin: Golovnin,
Memoirs of a Captivity in Japan
.

56.
   Treaty of Kanagawa: Lee,
New History of Korea,
281–82, 288–89.

57.
   “Knowledge shall be sought”: In Tsunoda et al.,
Sources of Japanese Tradition,
2:137.

58.
   Peninisular and Orient Line established: Fox,
Britain and Japan,
317.

59.
   The western expatriate community: Barr,
Deer Cry Pavilion,
101; Murphey,
Outsiders,
107.

60.
   Suez Canal: Schonfield,
Suez Canal in Peace and War,
41.

61.
   “cut by French energy”: In Fletcher, “Suez Canal and World Shipping,” 564.

62.
   “all for the advantage”: Herodotus,
Histories,
2.159 (p. 145).

63.
   “the Suez Maritime Canal”: Convention Respecting the Free Navigation of the Suez Maritime Canal, Article 1.

64.
   “ ‘Steamers may occupy’ ”: In Jones,
Pioneer Shipowners,
119. See Smith et al., “Imitations of God’s Own Works,” 405.

65.
   reduced coal consumption: Smith et al., “Imitations of God’s Own Works,” 406, 415.

66.
   without the efficiencies:
Fletcher, “Suez Canal and World Shipping,” 560.

67.
   “Increased speed”: In Paine,
Ships of the World,
s.v.
Turbinia,
citing Alex Richardson,
The Evolution of the Parsons Steam Turbine
(London: Engineering, 1911).

68.
   submarine cables: Clarke,
Voice Across the Sea,
69–89, 96.

69.
   
Great Eastern
: Dugan,
Great Iron Ship
.

70.
   British merchant marine comprised: Roland, Bolster, and Keyssar,
Way of the Ship,
419.

71.
   value of international trade: Røksund,
Jeune Ecole,
9.

72.
   “Mexicans descend”: Míguez, “Introduction,” xxii. See also Moya, “Spanish Emigration,” 10, 14.

73.
   Cuba’s population: Moya, “Spanish Emigration,” 15–17.

74.
   165,000 laborers to Brazil: Masterson and Funada, “Japanese in Peru and Brazil,” 123–25.

75.
   1.3 million Irish emigrated: Hale,
Letters on Irish Immigration,
23, 59.

76.
   more than 20 percent of all passengers died: Page, “Transportation of Immigrants,” 739.

77.
   “We passed through the steerage”: “Communication from John H. Griscom, M.D., of New York,” in U.S. Senate,
Report … on the Sickness and Mortality on Board Emigrant Ships,
54.

78.
   “2½ [pounds] of bread”: New Passenger Act, 1849, 12 & 13 Vict., c. 33. On the space allowance, note that Byzantine regulations required 1.1 square meters per passenger; the Statues of Marseille, less than 1 square meter; and slave ships, 0.68 meter.

79.
   figures were halved again: Page, “Transportation of Immigrants,” 740–42.

80.
   utensils and bedding: Ibid., 738.

81.
   “very injurious”: In Charlwood,
Long Farewell,
122, quoting New South Wales, Legislative Council,
Report from the Select Committee of the Legislative Council to Inquire into the Present System of German Immigration into this Colony,
Sydney, Aug. 11, 1858.

82.
   coolie trade: Yun and Laremont, “Chinese Coolies and African Slaves,” 102–3, 110–11.

83.
   “almost as heart-rending”: Douglass,
The New National Era
, Aug. 17, 1871.

84.
   “one vessel lost every eleven hours”: “Why Are So Many Ships Lost?”
New York Daily Times,
May 23, 1854.

85.
   could be jailed: Jones,
Plimsoll Sensation,
12–13.

86.
   hideous loss of life: National Maritime Museum learning team, “Ships, Seafarers and Life at Sea—Load Lines.”

87.
   “Lloyd’s rule”: Jones,
Plimsoll Sensation,
266.

88.
   without regard to the safety: Ibid., 14.

89.
   “They do not want”: Lord Eslington, Feb. 2, 1876, in ibid., 232.

90.
   “Accidents, too”: In Maxtone-Graham,
Only Way to Cross,
2.

91.
   Hapag the largest shipping line: Bonsor,
North Atlantic Seaway,
1:368, 378.

92.
   
Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse
: Ibid., 1:354.

93.
   International Mercantile Marine: Navin and Sears, “A Study in Merger.”

94.
   “unimprovable”:
“nicht verbesserungsfählig”:
in Maxtone-Graham,
Only Way to Cross,
273;
“unmistakably and distressingly pear-shaped”:
ibid. See also Maxtone-Graham,
“Normandie.”

95.
   “Doodle
San
will leave Japan”: Edwards,
The Globe-Trotter at Kamakura,
in Barr,
Deer Cry Pavilion,
171.
Joto
means “the best.”

96.
   “a yacht in every sense”: Williams, “Extent of Transport Services’ Integration,” 138.

97.
   between fourteen and twenty million passengers:
Cruise Baltic Status Report,
9.

98.
   “designed especially to secure”: “Steam Excursion Boats,” 2;
“the only airings”:
ibid.

99.
   horrific accidents:
Kemp, “The COLREGS and the
Princess Alice
”; O’Donnell,
Ship Ablaze;
and Hilton, Eastland:
Legacy of the
Titanic.

100.
   Cruising and racing: Paine,
Ships of the World,
s.v.
Mary, Meteor,
and
Shamrock V;
Ross, “Where Are They Now? The Kaiser’s Yacht.”

101.
   “the most difficult”: Brett,
Notes on Yachts,
1–2.

102.
   “the greatest piece”: “International Geographical Congress of 1895,” 292.

103.
   screw corvette
Challenger
: Buchanan et al.,
Report of the … Exploring Voyage of the H.M.S.
Challenger.

104.
   whales: Sperm whales and others of the suborder
Odontoceti
have teeth; baleen whales are in the taxonomical suborder
Mysticeti.

105.
   Thomas Roys’s: Bockstoce, “From Davis Strait to Bering Strait,” 529–30.

106.
   “desiring to secure the prosperity”: International
Whaling Commission, “Whale Sanctuaries.”

107.
   tanker
Zoroaster
: Frear, “History of Tankers,” 135; Watson, “Bulk Cargo Carriers,” 63.

108.
   “910,221 gallons”:
New York Maritime Register,
Aug. 11, 1886, 3.

109.
   
Fliegauf
: Frear, “History of Tankers,” 136.

110.
   eighty million tons of marine coal: Fletcher, “From Coal to Oil,” 2–3.

111.
   diesel-powered motorships: Ibid., 10–11.