The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World (121 page)

114.
   favor shown the Dutch: Brand, “Habsburg Diplomacy During the Holland-Wend War,” 122–23.

115.
   formation of a Swedish navy: Glete, “Naval Power and Control of the Sea,” 220–23.

116.
   galleass: Capponi,
Victory of the West,
191–92; Guilmartin,
Gunpowder and Galleys,
246; and Martin and Parker,
Spanish Armada,
271–73.

117.
   excellent gun platform: Rodger, “Guns and Sails,” 82–85; Guilmartin,
Gunpowder and Galleys,
107–9.

118.
   “crudely”: Rodger, “Development of Broadside Gunnery,” 306.

119.
   Scandinavian Seven Years’ War: Glete, “Naval Power and Control of the Sea,” 217–32; Glete,
Warfare at Sea,
116–24.

120.
   one shot per hour: Rodger,
Command of the Ocean,
17.

121.
   Curzolari Islands: Capponi,
Victory of the West,
253–57.

122.
   “You have shaved”: In Parker, “Lepanto,” 263. See Capponi,
Victory of the West,
296–313; and Lane,
Venice,
374.

123.
   battle off the island of São Miguel: Glete,
Warfare at Sea,
155–56; Padfield,
Tide of Empires
, 129–30. The battle is also called also Punta Delgada and, mistakenly, Terceira.

124.
   “convenient and fit harbor”: Drake,
World Encompassed,
64.

125.
   “ordered the ship itself”: Letter from Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish ambassador at London, to Philip II, Jan. 9, 1581, in Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake,
150.

126.
   “piratically taken”: In Sugden,
Sir Francis Drake,
145.

127.
   this formidable assemblage: Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea,
259, 269.

128.
   “But unless God helps us”: Anonymous officer to a papal diplomat, in ibid., 259.

129.
   “irretrievable miscarriage”: Corbett,
Successors of Drake,
vi; Thompson,
War and Government,
185–97.

1.
   “ledger and sword”: This is the title of Beckles Willson’s two-volume
Ledger and Sword; or, The Honorable Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies (1599–1874)
(London: Longmans, Green, 1903).

2.
   merchant ships captured:
Davis,
Rise of the English Shipping Industry,
51.

3.
   Philip III banned: Israel,
Dutch Primacy,
56–73.

4.
   routine destruction of logbooks: This may be one reason that no indigenous maps of Southeast Asia have survived, although their existence is known from accounts by European travelers and geographers, including Ludovico de Varthema, a Bolognese merchant who reached Southeast Asia shortly before the arrival of the Portuguese, and the Venetian diplomat Giovanni Ramusio, as well as from a letter by Afonso de Albuquerque to Manuel. See Gelpke, “Afonso de Albuquerque’s Map,” 76–77.

5.
   “Goa, and the Indies”: Linschoten,
Voyage,
1:42.

6.
   sixty-five ships: Gaastra,
Dutch East India Company,
17.

7.
   commercial treaties: Parry,
Establishment of the European Hegemony,
88.

8.
   “established … solely”: In Steensgaard,
Asian Trade Revolution,
132. Earlier companies may have sought to trade in peace, but they did not sail unarmed. The states of Holland and Zeeland had furnished ships’ guns, small arms, and other weaponry gratis. See Israel,
Dutch Primacy
, 67.

9.
   “The great East India Company”: In Steensgaard,
Asian Trade Revolution
, 128n41.

10.
   “a great town”: In Blussé, “Brief Encounter at Macao,” 651–52.

11.
   capture of the
Santa Catarina
: Ittersum, “Hugo Grotius in Context,” 518.

12.
   “it is lawful”: Grotius,
The Free Sea
, chap. 1 (p. 10). Grotius refined his defense of Van Heemskerck in
De Jure Belli ac Pacis
(On the Law of War and Peace, 1625).

13.
   “known continents”: In Knecht,
Renaissance Warrior and Patron,
375.

14.
   “that he did not send”: Cardinal of Toledo to the Emperor, Jan. 27, 1541, in Biggar,
Collection of Documents,
190.

15.
   “the sea & trade”: Hakluyt, “Whither an Englishman May Trade into the West Indies with Certain Answers to the Popes Bull,” in Armitage,
Ideological Origins of the British Empire,
108. Hakluyt’s chief work is
The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiqves and Discoueries of the English Nation
(1598–1600). Following his death, Samuel Purchas enlarged upon this influential work with publication of
Haklvytvs posthumus; or, Pvrchas his Pilgrimes
…(1625). Hakluyt’s last publication was an English translation of Grotius’s
Mare Liberum
.

16.
   
Of the Dominion, or, Ownership of the Sea
: Armitage,
Ideological Origins of the British Empire,
108–9; Berkowitz,
John Selden’s Formative Years,
52.

17.
   “Customs of so many Nations”: Selden,
Of the Dominion,
44, in Thornton, “John Selden’s Response,” 112.

18.
   “sea-territory of the British Empire”: Selden,
Of the Dominion,
459, in Thornton, “John Selden’s Response,” 121–22.

19.
   preserve their own monopoly: Knaap and Sutherland,
Monsoon Traders,
20–22.

20.
   a fixed share: Marshall, “English in Asia,” 271.

21.
   Spanish colony at Manila: Israel,
Dutch Primacy,
172–73.

22.
   Batavia was a city: Blussé,
Visible Cities,
37–40.

23.
   “The Chinese are the only bees”: In Andrade, “Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan,” 431, 441; Ts’ao, “Taiwan as an Entrepot,” 96–100; Blussé, “Brief Encounter at Macao,” 663; and Reed, “Colonial Origins of Manila and Batavia.”

24.
   Zheng Chenggong: Struve, “Southern Ming,” 666–67, 710–25; Wills, “Maritime China,” 215, 226–28.

25.
   the Manchus ordered: Antony,
Like Froth Floating on the Sea,
35–36.

26.
   lifted the prohibition: Ts’ao, “Taiwan as an Entrepot,” 103.

27.
   government-issued vermilion seals: Blussé,
Visible Cities,
20–21.

28.
   “four gates”: Tsuruta, “Establishment and Characteristics,” 30–31; Shapinsky, “Polyvocal Portolans,” 19.

29.
   The Dutch hoped to trade:
Blussé, “Divesting a Myth,” 396.

30.
   “Company officials”: F. Valentijn,
Van Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën
(Dordrecht, 1724–26), vol. 5b, p. 165, in Blussé,
Visible Cities,
21.

31.
   tear down their warehouse: Blussé,
Visible Cities,
22.

32.
   Japanese silver: Arasaratnam,
Maritime India,
79.

33.
   East India Company alone shipped: Marshall, “English in Asia,” 269.

34.
   “Bring us textiles”: Van Heemskerck to the Directors of the United Amsterdam Company, Aug. 27, 1603, in Ittersum, “Hugo Grotius in Context,” 534.

35.
   Gujarati merchants: Arasaratnam,
Maritime India,
58.

36.
   corridors of political power: Steensgaard,
Asian Trade Revolution,
120.

37.
   low-value, high-volume goods: Marshall, “English in Asia,” 274–75.

38.
   negotiating with the English and Dutch: Arasaratnam,
Maritime India,
61–64; Furber,
Rival Empires of Trade,
40.

39.
   deeply invested: Arasaratnam,
Maritime India,
76.

40.
   building merchant ships: Barendse, “Shipbuilding in Seventeenth-Century Western India,” 179; Qaisar, “Shipbuilding in the Mughal Empire.”

41.
   Shah Jahan: Prakash, “Indian Maritime Merchant, 1500–1800,” 446.

42.
   rupees: Haider, “Structure and Movement of Wages,” 305.

43.
   Bengal merchants preferred: Arasaratnam, “India and the Indian Ocean,” 121.

44.
   Siddis of Janjira: Ali,
African Dispersal in the Deccan,
157–92.

45.
   a coherent naval strategy: Kulkarni, “Marathas and the Sea,” 210; this is known from Ramchandra Pant Amatya’s
Adnyapatra
(royal edict), written before 1717, but after Shivaji’s death.

46.
   the port was riven: Das Gupta, “Maritime Merchant of India,” 99.

47.
   Mulla Abdul Ghafur: Ibid., 94–100.

48.
   Henry Avery: Ritchie,
Captain Kidd,
85–89; Das Gupta,
Indian Merchants,
98–99.

49.
   not all English were pirates: Furber,
Rival Empires of Trade,
40.

50.
   The Omani reconquest: Ames, “Straits of Hurmuz Fleets”; Bathurst, “Maritime Trade and Imamate Government,” 96–103.

51.
   “by which happy result”: Ioannes De Laet,
Historie ofte Iaerlijke Verhael van de verrichtinghen der Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie
(History, or the True Story of the Operations of the Honorable West India Company), 2:4–5, in Goslinga,
Dutch in the Caribbean,
168.

52.
   “for his lack of care”: In Phillips,
Six Galleons,
5.

53.
   Heyn predeceased him: Stradling,
Armada of Flanders,
78–79.

54.
   sugar was more valuable: Padfield,
Tide of Empires,
162.

55.
   Curaçao: Klooster,
Illicit Riches,
41, 64, 73–74.

56.
   Port Royal became: Lane,
Pillaging the Empire,
103–9, 169.

57.
   “No private offense”: Treaty of Madrid, §14, in Davenport,
European Treaties,
2:195–96.

58.
   Treaty of Whitehall: Lane,
Pillaging the Empire,
125–27; Davenport,
European Treaties,
2:321–22, 363.

59.
   “to seeke out”: In Morison,
European Discovery of America,
159.

60.
   “that the sea is covered”: Raimondo di Soncino, Dec. 18, 1497, in Hoffman,
Cabot to Cartier,
11.

61.
   Dried, salted, or pickled fish: Fagan,
Fish on Friday,
54–55. See Unger, “Netherlands Herring Fishery,” “Dutch Herring, Technology, and International Trade”; and Kowaleski, “Commercialization of the Sea Fisheries.”

62.
   fishing ships at St. John’s: Morison,
European Discovery of America,
235.

63.
   Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal): Morison,
Samuel de Champlain
, 71–77.

64.
   Company of New France:
Successor to the Compagnie des Marchands and Compagnie de Montmorency, the Company of New France was formally known as the Compagnie des Cent-Associés (Company of One Hundred Associates).

65.
   “the land of Louisiana”: In Murat,
Colbert,
240. La Salle named the
Illinois River for Colbert’s son and successor as minister of the marine, Seignelay.

66.
   A northbound flatboat: Surrey,
Commerce of Louisiana,
58–74.

67.
   “Also we might inhabite”: Gilbert,
Discourse of a Discouerie for a New Passage to Cataia
, in Quinn,
Voyages and Colonising Enterprises,
1:160–61.

68.
   “no mynes discouered”: “Davies Journal of the 1607 North Virginia Voyage,” in Quinn and Quinn,
English New England Voyages,
415.

69.
   indent themselves: Bergquist, “Paradox of American Development,” 158–59.

70.
   The first slaves were landed: Heywood and Thornton,
Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles,
27–28.

71.
   “To think of discovering”: In Johnson,
Charting the Sea of Darkness,
87.

72.
   “And of all the foure parts”: Smith,
Description of New England,
6.

73.
   Tisquantum (or Squanto): Humins, “Squanto and Massasoit,” 58–59.

74.
   Great Migration: Horn and Morgan, “Settlers and Slaves,” 24; Games, “Migration,” 38–42.

75.
   astonishing safety record: Cressy, “Vast and Furious Ocean,” 516. The one loss Cressy notes, the
Angel Gabriel,
was lost in a hurricane in 1635 while at anchor off Pemaquid,
Maine, after completing her passage. See Riess,
Angel Gabriel,
44–46.

76.
   “set our people on work”: Winthrop,
Journal of John Winthrop,
June–August 1641, 353.

77.
   cost of transporting: Rodger,
Command of the Ocean,
192.

78.
   “containing important inducements”: M. Edward Hayes, “A Treatise, conteining important inducements for the planting in these parts, and finding a passage that way to the South sea and China” (1602), in Quinn and Quinn,
English New England Voyages,
176.

79.
   “There is also the very good news”: Pepys,
Diary,
Dec. 3, 1666 (vol. 7:397). On comparison with oil, see Albion,
Forests and Sea Power,
xi, 164. Albion was writing in 1926, when oil consumption was a fraction of what it is nine decades later.

80.
   from the Carolinas: Malone,
Pine Trees and Politics,
24, 33–36.

81.
   place of refuge: Lane,
Pillaging the Empire,
168.

82.
   new merchant centers: Morison et al.,
Concise History of the American Republic,
34–35.

83.
   Count-Duke Olivares: Stradling,
Armada of Flanders,
60–62.

84.
   frigates stationed at Dunkirk: Glete,
Navies and Nations,
1:61; Thrush, “In Pursuit of the Frigate.”

85.
   “from now on”: In Stradling,
Armada of Flanders
, 54; also 46–47, 58, 75.

86.
   Admiralty of the North: Almirantazgo de los Países Septentrionales, in Stradling,
Armada of Flanders,
42; James, “Development of French Naval Policy,” 386.

87.
   sweeping protectionist measures: O’Connell,
Richelieu
, 145.

88.
   La Rochelle fell: Burckhardt,
Richelieu,
1:244–79.

89.
   France had no national navy: Ibid., 2:41; James, “Development of French Naval Policy,” 387–88.

90.
   “true citadels of the sea”: Burckhardt,
Richelieu,
2:29–30.

91.
   battle of Guetaría: Stradling,
Armada of Flanders,
104–8; Glete,
Warfare at Sea,
181–82.

92.
   “the ignominy of seeing our king”: Burckhardt,
Richelieu,
2:32.

93.
   “Such a rotten, miserable fleet”: J. Ashburnham to E. Nicholas, Oct. 26, 1627, in Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea,
363.

94.
   “ship money”:
Sharpe,
Personal Rule of Charles I,
554–55; Cust,
Charles I,
191; and Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea
, 381–82.

95.
   “his princely resolution”: Pett,
Autobiography
, 156.

96.
   “the art or wit of man”: In Heywood,
His Majesty’s Royal Ship,
xiv.

97.
   “Decorements whiche beautify”: Ibid., xxx.

98.
   battle of the Downs: Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea,
413.

99.
   the organization of which: Bruijn,
Dutch Navy,
5–11, 145–46.

100.
   “only in such [ships]”: In Aughterson,
The English Renaissance,
554.

101.
   “In the
Prow
”: Evelyn,
Diary,
Apr. 1, 1655 (vol. 3:149–50).

102.
   line of battle: Rodger,
Command of the Ocean,
17;
Anglo-Dutch War:
ibid., 14–18.