The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World (124 page)

1.
   “castles of steel”: Churchill,
World Crisis,
1:212.

2.
   lost in action: Hepper,
British Warship Losses,
211–13; Brown,
Warship Losses,
229, 236.

3.
   cost 40 percent more: Brodie,
Sea Power in the Machine Age,
118n27.

4.
   retrofit sailing ships with engines: Lambert,
Battleships in Transition,
38–40, 58–59, 111.

5.
   
Nemesis
: Brown, “
Nemesis,
” 283–85; Guadeloupe: Brown, “Paddle Frigate
Guadeloupe,
” 221–22.

6.
   “ancient rule of the Sultan”: Esmer, “Straits,” 293.

7.
   floating batteries: Lambert,
Battleships in Transition,
51; Lambert, Warrior, 11.

8.
   “perpetually interdicted”: In Esmer, “Straits,” 293.

9.
   “She looks like a black snake”: This phrase has been attributed variously to Lord Palmerston, Napoleon III, and the French naval attaché, among others.
HMS
Warrior
is today a museum ship in
Portsmouth, England.

10.
   United States merchant marine: Roland, Bolster, and Keyssar,
Way of the Ship,
419.

11.
   “If any person”: In Gordan, “Trial of the Officers.”

12.
   “Anybody dealing with a man”: In ibid. See Lowe, “Confederate Naval Strategy.”

13.
   “1. Privateering is, and remains abolished”: Declaration of Paris, Apr. 16, 1856, in Lambert,
Crimean War,
333.

14.
   Lincoln declared a blockade: Symonds,
Lincoln and His Admirals,
39–49, 59–62.

15.
   blockade-runners: Wise,
Lifeline of the Confederacy,
221.

16.
   country’s largest export ports: Surdam,
Northern Naval Superiority,
11.

17.
   commerce raiders: Gibson and Donovan,
Abandoned Ocean,
66–78; Dalzell,
Flight from the Flag,
238–40, 246.

18.
   “I regard the possession”: Mallory to chairman of the House Committee on Naval Affairs, in Still,
Iron Afloat,
10.

19.
   John Ericsson’s
Monitor
: Symonds,
Lincoln and His Generals,
132–42.

20.
   “enveloping them all”:
Scott to Lincoln, May 2, 1861, U.S. War Department,
War of the Rebellion,
ser. 1, vol. 51/1, p. 339.

21.
   “can be elevated”: Mahan,
Influence of Sea Power,
2.

22.
   “It is not the taking”: Ibid., 138.

23.
   “unsettled political conditions”: Mahan, “United States Looking Outward,” 818, 820.

24.
   “strategy of the weak”: Røksund,
Jeune Ecole.

25.
   total war: Ibid., 24–51, 98–100.

26.
   Advocates of the Jeune Ecole: Ibid., 60–62.

27.
   “out of our ports”: Mahan,
Influence of Sea Power,
87.

28.
   Maritime Customs Service: Hsü,
Rise of Modern China,
271–74.

29.
   “self-strengthening movement”: Ibid., 278–91; Paine,
Sino-Japanese War,
32.

30.
   briefly occupying Taiwan: Hsü,
Rise of Modern China
, 314–17.

31.
   remove Chinese influence: Paine,
Sino-Japanese War,
32–34, 38, 52.

32.
   Japanese cruisers sank: Ibid., 132–33;
Japanese troops,
157.

33.
   Yalu River: Paine,
Sino-Japanese War
, 179–85.

34.
   Russian diplomatic successes: Ibid., 69–71.

35.
   “The hostile actions”: Sergei Iul’evich Witte, Apr. 11, 1895, in Paine,
Sino-Japanese War,
104.

36.
   “Russia does hope”: Nishi Tokujiro, May 8, 1905, in Paine,
Sino-Japanese War
, 321.

37.
   cede the Liaodong Peninsula: Paine,
Sino-Japanese War,
308.

38.
   Trans-Siberian Railway: Ibid., 68; Work on the railway began in 1891.

39.
   “interested in a peculiar degree”: Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902, Article 1.

40.
   attack against Port Arthur: Evans and Peattie,
Kaigun,
97.

41.
   coaling facilities: Warner and Warner,
Tide at Sunrise,
403–4, 415–25; Cecil, “Coal for the Fleet That Had to Die.”

42.
   battle of Tsushima: Warner and Warner,
Tide at Sunrise,
481–520; Evans and Peattie,
Kaigun
, 116–24.

43.
   Treaty of Portsmouth: Warner and Warner,
Tide at Sunrise,
530–74.

44.
   “public opinion”: In Rickover,
How the Battleship
Maine
Was Destroyed,
127–28.

45.
   “we have much more likelihood”: Mahan to Roosevelt, May 1 and 6, 1897, in Spector, “Triumph of Professional Ideology,” 179.

46.
   The gunnery was appalling: Beach,
United States Navy,
394.

47.
   “The fashion in building ships”: Gladstone (1882), in Angevine, “Rise and Fall of the Office of Naval Intelligence,” 296.

48.
   “a definite standard”: Lord Charles Beresford, in Sondhaus,
Naval Warfare,
161.

49.
   Alfred von Tirpitz: Kelly,
Tirpitz
.

50.
   “for Germany”: In Craig,
Germany,
309.

51.
   “risk fleet”: Kelly,
Tirpitz
, 185–86, 195–202; Halpern,
Naval History of World War I,
2–4; and Kennedy, “Development of German Naval Operations Plans,” 176–77.

52.
   German Navy League: Kelly,
Tirpitz,
166–69; Halpern,
Naval History of World War I,
3.

53.
   German general staff: Kennedy, “Development of German Naval Operations Plans,” 175. See also Kelly,
Tirpitz,
266.

54.
   “Germany’s accelerated [shipbuilding] program”: Naval War College report (1904), in Hagan,
This People’s Navy,
237.

55.
   Panama Canal: Ameringer, “Panama Canal Lobby.”

56.
   battle of Jutland: Halpern,
Naval History of World War I,
310–29; Kelly,
Tirpitz,
412–15.

57.
   surface raiders: Halpern,
Naval History of World War I,
70–83, 370–75.

58.
   “locomotive torpedo”: Fryer and Brown, “Robert Whitehead”; Briggs, “Innovation and the Mid-Victorian Royal Navy,” 447–55.

59.
   Thorsten Nordenfelt:
Maber, “Nordenfelt Submarines.”

60.
   “we are going to recommence”: In Røksund
, Jeune Ecole,
193.

61.
   “The forerunner of all modern submarines”: Compton-Hall,
Submarine Boats,
96–97.

62.
   “I went down in it”: Roosevelt to Brander Matthews, July 20, 1907, in Roosevelt,
Works
, 23.514.

63.
   “In view of”: Tirpitz memorandum, Jan. 24, 1915, in Halpern,
Naval History of World War I,
47.

64.
   merchant ship losses: Davis and Engerman,
Naval Blockades in Peace and War,
169.

65.
   “A blockade must not extend”: Declaration Concerning the Laws of Naval War (1909), Articles 1–2.

66.
   pinned down at Gallipoli: Halpern,
Naval History of World War I,
117. The first sea lord was, and remains, the chief of naval operations; the first lord of the admiralty was a cabinet post.

67.
   “we can not send”: in Halpern,
Naval History of World War I,
359.

68.
   “an entire success”: Naval Staff,
Home Waters—Part VIII,
in Halpern,
Naval History of World War I,
361.

69.
   four hundred submarine chasers: Hagan,
This People’s Navy,
255.

70.
   “to the lowest point”: Wilson, “Fourteen Points,” para. 2 and 4.

71.
   mutually suspicious: Hagan,
This People’s Navy,
238–39; Evans and Peattie,
Kaigun,
151, 187–89; and Miller,
War Plan Orange,
76.

72.
   “Japan has no rival”: Baker,
Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement,
3:301.

73.
   ratio of capital ship tonnage: Ibid., 3:203.

74.
   “wise administration”: Capt. William V. Pratt, memorandum for Charles Evans Hughes, Aug. 8, 1921, in Hagan,
This People’s Navy,
264.

75.
   “Not only should these submarines”: Benson to Wilson, Mar. 14, 1919, in Baker,
Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement,
197.

76.
   “steam navies”: Mahan,
Influence of Sea Power,
2.

77.
   “The minds of the men”: Beach,
United States Navy,
443.

78.
   “I’m afraid”: In Agawa,
Reluctant Admiral,
93;
“the world’s three great follies”:
ibid. See also Yoshida,
Requiem for Battleship
Yamato, 77.

79.
   “incendiary shotgun” projectiles: Skulski,
Battleship
Yamato, 18–19.

80.
   nearly three hundred carrier planes: Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun,
538.

81.
   Close study of the Taranto action: Evans and Peattie,
Kaigun,
475.

82.
   “damage Major Fleet Units”: Report of Joint Planning Committee, Apr. 21, 1939, in Major, “Navy Plans for War,” 245.

83.
   Pearl Harbor: Murfett,
Naval Warfare,
135–40.

84.
   over two thousand Allied and neutral ships: For a comparison of figures arrived at by five different authorities, see American Merchant Marine at War, “Battle of the Atlantic Statistics.”

85.
   twenty-two seagoing U-boats: Murfett,
Naval Warfare,
34; Terraine,
Business in Great Waters,
218.

86.
   unreliability of German torpedoes: Murfett,
Naval Warfare,
53; Terraine,
Business in Great Waters,
231–41.

87.
   submarine operations to Brest: Terraine,
Business in Great Waters,
244–57, 354; Murfett,
Naval Warfare,
86–87, 97n82.

88.
   more than a thousand ships: Terraine,
Business in Great Waters,
767–69.

89.
   “Happy Time”: Ibid., 410; Lane,
Ships for Victory,
138.

90.
   “any country whose defense”: Lend-Lease Act, 3(1).

91.
   “Execute unrestricted”: In Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun,
480.

92.
   “a warship”:
Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament, 1930, pt. 4, art. 22.

93.
   “violating long-established”: Roosevelt, Fireside Chat 18 (Sept. 11, 1941), in Smith,
Voyages,
2:242.

94.
   failure of American torpedoes: Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun,
484–85.

95.
   commerce warfare doctrine: U.S. War Dept.,
United States Strategic Bombing Survey,
12.

96.
   slow to respond: Morison,
Two-Ocean War,
496–97.

97.
   thirteen hundred Japanese merchant ships lost: Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun,
487;
United States Strategic Bombing Survey,
11.

98.
   “All attempts”: In Miller,
War at Sea
, 320; Murfett,
Naval Warfare,
226–27.

99.
   “On general principles”: International Military Tribunal,
Trial of the Major War Criminals,
17:380.

100.
   landing craft: Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun,
232–33.

101.
   “did more to win the war”: In Smith and Finch,
Coral and Brass,
72.

102.
   “the man who won the war”: In Ambrose,
D-Day,
45.

103.
   more than thirty types: Leighton and Coakley,
Global Logistics and Strategy,
2:826–28.

104.
   “The only thing”: Churchill,
Second World War,
2:529.

105.
   first of four acts: Hagan,
This People’s Navy
, 284–90; Lane,
Ships for Victory,
36–37.

106.
   Liberty ships: Lane,
Ships for Victory,
55, 68. Prewar standardized ship types included the C-1, C-2, and C-3 dry cargo ships and T-1, T-2, and T-3 tankers.

107.
   figures were increased: Lane,
Ships for Victory,
144, 202.

108.
   sailing under the Soviet flag: Leighton and Coakley,
Global Logistics and Strategy,
1:113–14, 541, 564; 2:683, 731. A total of 1,332 ships sailed for the Soviet Far East, most of them to
Vladivostok; 538 to north Russia; 541 to the Persian Gulf; 120 to the Soviet Arctic (via the Bering Strait); and, from January 1945, 76 to the Black Sea.

109.
   “The former rights of Russia”: Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference, Agreement Regarding Japan, para. 2; Heinzig,
Soviet Union and Communist China,
65, 203–5.

110.
   divide the peninsula: Hastings,
Korean War,
15–16.

111.
   landed thirteen thousand troops at Incheon: Ibid., 116–33.

112.
   “an amphibious invasion in reverse”: “One for the Book: An Invasion in Reverse,”
Life,
Jan. 8, 1951, p. 18.

113.
   “what created”: Bruce Cumings, in Hastings,
Korean War,
15.

1.
   “The world maritime industry”: Gibson and Donovan,
Abandoned Ocean,
239.

2.
   1.2 million seafarers: Round Table of International Shipping Associations,
http://www.marisec.org/shippingfacts/worldtrade/world-seafarers.php
.

3.
   the freighter
Warrior
: Levinson,
The Box,
32–34.

4.
   
Ideal-X
: Ibid.; Broeze,
Globalization of the Oceans,
32–33.

5.
   Belgian researchers: Broeze,
Globalization of the Oceans,
19.

6.
   “McLean understood”: Levinson,
The Box,
53.

7.
   computer-generated loading plans: Ibid., 6, 247.

8.
   container ports: Broeze,
Globalization of the Oceans,
20–21, 172–74.

9.
   freight forwarding, customs clearance, and insurance: Ibid., 23–25.

10.
   Singapore handled: UNCTAD,
Review of Maritime Transport,
95.

11.
   busiest long-distance routes:
Ibid., 85.

12.
   oil tankers began to outgrow: Stopford,
Maritime Economics,
22. Launched as
Seawise Giant
in 1979, the ship was renamed
Jahre Viking
(1991–2004) and
Knock Nevis
(2004–2009). She was scrapped in 2010.

13.
   Louisiana Offshore Oil Port: Louisiana Department of Transportation, LOOP Program.

14.
   brig
Osceola
: Havighurst,
Long Ships Passing,
81.

15.
   refrigerated ships: Greenway, “Cargo Ships,” 43–50.

16.
   
Miranda Guinness
: Yenne,
Guinness,
167.

17.
   people employed: Broeze,
Globalization of the Oceans,
231–38; National Research Council,
Crew Size and Maritime Safety,
1–12.

18.
   the right to grant nationality: Carlisle,
Sovereignty for Sale,
154.

19.
   “The chief advantage”:
New York Herald,
Oct. 1, 1922, in ibid., 10–11.

20.
   “German stewards”:
New York Times,
Dec. 6, 1922, in Carlisle,
Sovereignty for Sale,
17.

21.
   political instability in Panama: Carlisle,
Sovereignty for Sale,
111–14.

22.
   Liberian-flagged ships: Ibid., 115–33.

23.
   “legal restraints”: Ibid., 152.

24.
   global labor market: Dimitrova,
Seafarers’ Rights,
28, 128.

25.
   conditions are often substandard: Ibid., 27–46.

26.
   
Torrey Canyon
: Chelminski,
Superwreck;
Cowan,
Oil and Water
.

27.
   
Amoco Cadiz
: Petrow,
In the Wake of the
Torrey Canyon.

28.
   a raft of conventions: International Maritime Organization, “List of IMO Conventions.”

29.
   Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) conventions: International Maritime Organization,
SOLAS 1974: Brief History.

30.
   odds of dying: IMO,
International Shipping and World Trade,
20.

31.
   “It’s no fish ye’re buying”: Scott,
The Antiquary
, 1:252.

32.
   The principal tools: Smith, “Fishing Vessels”; Grescoe,
Bottomfeeder,
199.

33.
   “Up to the time”: In Donnellan,
The Shoals of Herring
, adapted by Philip Donnellan from the radio ballad “Singing the Fishing,” by Ewan McColl, Peggy Seeger, and Charles Parker. Birmingham BBC Colour, 1972. Available at
http://www.youtube.com/user/RadioBalladsFilms
.

34.
   likened to clear-cutting: Grescoe,
Bottomfeeder,
27.

35.
   expansion of the fisheries: FAO,
The State of World Fisheries
, 4, 12.

36.
   illegal, unreported, and unregulated: Ibid., 79–83.

37.
   The Agreement on Conservation and Management: United Nations, “Agreement … Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.”

38.
   exclusive economic zone (EEZ): Under the Law of the Sea, the EEZ is an area of the sea over which “a coastal State has sovereign rights (a) for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds; (b) jurisdiction … with regard to: (i) the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; (ii) marine scientific research; (iii) the protection and preservation of the marine environment.” All states have “the freedoms … associated with the operation of ships, aircraft and submarine cables and pipelines” in an EEZ. See United Nations, Law of the Sea, Part V, “Exclusive Economic Zone.”

39.
   fundamentally democratic:
Paine,
Down East,
121; Kalland,
Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan,
141–45.

40.
   Canadian cod fishery: Paine,
Down East,
132–33.

41.
   local fishermen began seizing: Hansen, “Piracy in the Greater Gulf of Aden,” 8–13; Weir, “Fish, Family, and Profit,” 16–21.

42.
   USS
Triton
: Beach,
Around the World Submerged
. In 2007–2008, Francis Joyon completed a solo circumnavigation under sail in the thirty-meter trimaran
Idec II
in fifty-seven days—four days less than the
Triton.

43.
   icebreaker
Lenin
: Paine, “
Lenin,”
in Hattendorf, ed.,
Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History,
2:354–55.

44.
   “As we combine”: Mullen, “Remarks.”

45.
   “global system”: U.S. Navy et al., “A Cooperative Strategy.”

46.
   “challenges are too diverse”: Mullen, “Remarks.” See Ratcliff, “Building Partners’ Capacity,” 49–50.

47.
   over eight billion tons: UNCTAD,
Review of Maritime Transport,
6.

48.
   “Sailing is a noble thing”: Pachymeres,
Historia,
in Browning, “The City and the Sea,” 110.