The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World (119 page)

1.
   island parishes: Lane,
Venice,
11.

2.
   river trades: Ibid., 7–8.

3.
   “We wed thee, Adriatic”: Senior, “
Bucentaur,
” 135.

4.
   sailed together: Spufford,
Power and Profit,
400.

5.
   about three hundred ships: Pryor, “Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade,” 115.

6.
   “As in the Venetians’ arsenal”: Dante,
Inferno,
Canto 21, ll. 7–15 (p. 319).

7.
   the state required: Lane,
Venice,
13–14, 48–51.

8.
   in 1085 Guiscard crossed: Frankopan, “Byzantine Trade Privileges,” 143.

9.
   “with promises and bribes”: Anna Comnena,
Alexiad,
4.2 (p. 137).

10.
   chrysobull (imperial decree): Frankopan, “Byzantine Trade Privileges,” 152–53; Frankopan prefers a date of 1092.

11.
   “from the ancient quay”: Anna Comnena,
Alexiad,
6.5 (p. 191). The Venetian quarter was on the
Golden Horn just west of the Neorion, between the Gate of the Perama (the quay of the Hebrews) and the Gate of the Drungarios (the Vigla).

12.
   had to pay tariffs: Lane, “Economic Meaning of War and Protection,” 387.

13.
   Genoa lies: Epstein,
Genoa and the Genoese,
11–14.

14.
   Italians traded: Cowdrey, “Mahdia Campaign,” 8–10; Abulafia, “Trade and Crusade,” 6.

15.
   religious overtones: Cowdrey, “Mahdia Campaign,” 6.

16.
   “for the salvation”: Urban II, in Riley-Smith,
Crusades,
12–13.

17.
   “In the name of God”: In Pryor, “Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade,” 121.

18.
   the Fatimid fleet: Hamblin, “Fatimid Navy,” 77–78.

19.
   Alfonso VI: Reilly,
Medieval Spains,
92–93.

20.
   Almoravids: Lewis, “Northern European Sea Power,” 141–43.

21.
   “who organized their fleet”: Ibn Khaldun,
Muqaddimah,
2:43; Lewis, “Northern European Sea Power,” 150.

22.
   Norman Sicily: Matthew,
Norman Kingdom of Sicily,
72–75.

23.
   the Genoese negotiated: Williams, “Making of a Crusade.”

24.
   After taking Almería:
Epstein,
Genoa and the Genoese,
49–52.

25.
   “the attacks and damages”:
Annali Genovesi,
30, in Williams, “Making of a Crusade,” 44.

26.
   gold caravans: Lewis, “Northern European Sea Power,” 147.

27.
   165 ships: David,
The Conquest of Lisbon,
53.

28.
   “the richest in trade”: Ibid., 91.

29.
   “It became clear”: Al-Kitab Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, in Ayalon, “Mamluks and Naval Power,” 4.

30.
   sixty thousand dead: Choniates,
O City of Byzantium,
250–51. Choniates reports that four thousand survivors were sold as slaves. See William of Tyre,
History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea,
22.12–13 (pp. 464–67).

31.
   by way of Alexandria: Riley-Smith,
Crusades,
151.

32.
   “because they could better”: Villehardouin,
Conquest of Constantinople,
in Pryor, “Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade,” 114.

33.
   eighty-five thousand marks: Lane,
Venice,
37.

34.
   “200,000 silver marks”: Villehardouin,
Conquest of Constantinople,
50.

35.
   “so much, indeed”: Ibid., 92.

36.
   “lord of a quarter”: In Ostrogorsky,
History of the Byzantine State,
376.

37.
   minting gold coins: Lopez, “Back to Gold,” 219–20, 229–30.

38.
   target for pirates: Charanis, “Piracy in the Aegean,” 135–36.

39.
   “a man of inestimable worth”: Boccaccio,
Decameron,
Day 5, Story 6 (p. 447).

40.
   “footsoldiers skilled”: Ramon Llull,
Liber de Fine,
in Pryor, “Naval Battles of Roger of Lauria,” 199. See Mott,
Sea Power,
151–75; Lane, “Crossbow in the Nautical Revolution”; and Pryor, “From Dromon to Galea,” 111.

41.
   compulsory service: Mott,
Sea Power,
175–77.

42.
   employed as shipwrights: Lopez, “Majorcans and Genoese,” 1164.

43.
   “ships come up”:
Primera Crónica General de España,
in Constable,
Trade and Traders,
244.

44.
   
Ilkhans of Persia
: 169n18;
Ugolino and Vadino Vivaldi
: Lopez, “European Merchants in the Medieval Indies,” 169–70.

45.
   raze virtually every port: Ayalon, “Mamluks and Naval Power,” 8–12.

46.
   caravan routes: Pryor, “Maritime Republics,” 440.

47.
   “wonderful harbor”: Ibn Battuta,
Travels,
2:471.

48.
   “A plague attacked”: Nicephorus Gregoras,
Ecclesiasticae Historiae,
in Herlihy,
Black Death,
24.

49.
   city of Lübeck: Gläser, “Development of the Harbours,” 79–81.

50.
   “during all the campaigns”: Helmhold von Bosau,
Chronicle of the Slavs,
in Schildhauer,
Hansa,
19.

51.
   city of Riga: Henricus Lettus,
Chronicle of Henry of Livonia;
Riley-Smith,
Crusades,
131.

52.
   “Our two towns”: In Lopez,
Commercial Revolution,
117.

53.
   “across sand and sea”: In Ellmers, “Cog as Cargo Carrier,” 38.

54.
   Lübeck city seal: Ellmers, “Cog as Cargo Carrier,” 37–38.

55.
   established
kontors
: Dollinger,
German Hansa,
27–50.

56.
   “a community of German merchants”: Ibid., 62–64.

57.
   primary arteries of trade: Thompson, “Early Trade Relations,” 551.

58.
   alliance with Henry: Oakley,
Short History of Denmark,
55.

59.
   “The east side of Zealand”: Saxo Grammaticus,
Gesta Danorum,
Preface, in Gade,
Hanseatic Control of Norwegian Commerce,
17. Sjælland is the largest island in Denmark.

60.
   tensions led to war:
Sicking, “Amphibious Warfare in the Baltic,” 76–81.

61.
   Treaty of Stralsund: Bjork, “Peace of Stralsund, 1370.”

62.
   “God’s friends”: In ibid., 60. See Dollinger,
German Hansa,
79–82.

63.
   Kalmar Union: Oakley,
Short History of Denmark,
78–80, 87.

64.
   Hanse was likewise undermined: Dollinger,
German Hansa,
81–82.

65.
   Zwin River: De Witte, “Maritime Topography of Medieval Bruges,” 141–43.

66.
   could be found in Bruges: Spufford,
Power and Profit,
113, 232, 266, 278, 319–20, 330.

67.
   trade of England: Friel,
Maritime History of Britain and Ireland,
62–66.

68.
   When Henry II ascended: Ibid., 49.

69.
   rich vineyards: James,
Studies in the Medieval Wine Trade,
9–10, 35.

70.
   the tun: Friel,
Maritime History of Britain and Ireland,
64. For a history of tonnage measurement, see Lyman, “Register Tonnage.”

71.
   Hundred Years’ War: Friel,
The Good Ship,
139.

72.
   Clos des Galées:
Rose,
Medieval Naval Warfare,
61–62.

73.
   Cinque Ports: Sylvester, “Communal Piracy,” 170–73; Rodger, “Naval Service of the Cinque Ports,” 646–47.

74.
   payment of a modest sum: Sherborne, “Hundred Years’ War,” 164ff.

75.
   letters of marque: Rodger,
Safeguard of the Sea,
128; Petrie,
Prize Game,
2–3; and Spufford,
Power and Profit,
221–22.

76.
   Roger of Lauria issued: Mott,
Sea Power,
124–32.

77.
   “Commission to William Prince”:
Calendar of the Patent Rolls … Henry IV,
April 23, 1400 (vol. 1:271).

78.
   centerline rudder: Mott,
Development of the Rudder,
106–19.

79.
   A survey of sealings: Friel,
The Good Ship,
79.

80.
   Bremen cog: Paine,
Ships of the World,
s.v. Bremen Cog, citing Gardiner and Unger,
Cogs, Caravels and Galleons,
and Werner Lahn,
Die Kogge von Bremen—The Hanse Cog of Bremen
(Hamburg: Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum, 1992).

81.
   “At this time”: Giovanni Villani,
Florentine Chronicle,
in Mott,
Development of the Rudder,
138–40. See Ellmers, “Cog as Cargo Carrier,” 39.

82.
   
Roccaforte
: Lane,
Venice,
46; Spufford,
Power and Profit,
398.

83.
   “that if they”: Martino da Canale,
Cronaca veneta,
in Lane,
Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders,
5. See Dotson, “Fleet Operations,” 168–75.

84.
   specifications for war galleys: Pryor, “From Dromon to Galea,” 110–11.

85.
   
alla sensile
: Bondioli et al., “Oar Mechanics,” 173–83.

86.
   “great galley”: Lane,
Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders,
16–29; Casson, “Merchant Galleys,” 123–26.

87.
   northern ships were still built: “The French royal dockyard at Rouen, the Clos des Galées … was the only place in northern Europe at which skeleton built craft were based” (Friel,
The Good Ship,
172).

88.
   2,783 cloths: Holmes, “The ‘Libel of English Policy,’ ” 199–200.

89.
   transport costs: Spufford,
Power and Profit,
399–404.

90.
   Statutes of Marseille:
The rule specified 2.5
palmorum
by 6.5 to 7
palmorum,
or 24.75 inches by 64.35 to 69.3 inches—about 11 square feet. Berlow, “Sailing of the
St. Esprit,
” 350n1.

91.
   “The berths of the pilgrims”:
The Book of Wanderings of Brother Felix Fabri in Palestine and Arabia,
in Lane,
Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders,
21; Casson, “Merchant Galleys,” 125.

92.
   cooperation between merchants: Constable,
Trade and Traders,
68–70; Goitein,
Mediterranean Society,
1:72; and Goitein and Friedman,
“India Book,”
25, 133–34.

93.
   representative of merchants:
Goitein,
Mediterranean Society,
1:186–92.

94.
   
fonduks
: Ibid., 1:349–50; Constable,
Trade and Traders,
119–21.

95.
   required to pay duties: Khalilieh,
Islamic Maritime Law,
82–83.

96.
   Armed with an
aman
: Wansbrough, “Safe-Conduct,” esp. 32–34; Khalilieh,
Islamic Maritime Law,
125.

97.
   Christian merchant ships were found in Alexandria: Ehrenkreutz, “Place of Saladin,” 110.

98.
   discouraged trade: Khalilieh,
Islamic Maritime Law,
126–27.

99.
   “The day they entered”: Beha ed-Din,
Life of Saladin,
in Reinert, “Muslim Presence in Constantinople,” 141.

100.
   “of God, of the sea”: Roover, “Early Examples of Marine Insurance,” 188–89.

101.
   premiums varied: Ibid., 190.

102.
   Russian furs at Bruges: Spufford,
Power and Profit,
336.

1.
   “the profit derived”: Kuwabara, “On P’u Shou-keng,” 24n22.

2.
   well-connected foreigners: Chang, “Formation of a Maritime Convention,” 147–49.

3.
   Western mariners still: Ibid., 151.

4.
   “two types of foreigners”: In Guy, “Tamil Merchant Guilds,” 297.

5.
   direct trade: Zhao Rugua,
On the Chinese and Arab Trade,
88–93.

6.
   “ordered the officers-in-charge”: Guy, “Expansion of China’s Trade,” 14.

7.
   specify which types: Zhao Rugua,
On the Chinese and Arab Trade,
259, s.v. “Porcelain.”

8.
   Eager to support: Peterson, “Old Illusions and New Realities,” 218–31.

9.
   “thunder-crash bombs”: Needham et al.,
Science and Civilisation,
vol. 5, pt. 7:163, 170–79.

10.
   more than nineteen thousand ships were registered: Lo, “Chinese Shipping,” 171.

11.
   “Tens of thousand”: In Deng,
Chinese Maritime Activities,
83.

12.
   cost of building ships: Deng,
Chinese Maritime Activities,
161.

13.
   transporting grain: Lo, “Controversy over Grain Conveyance”; Sung and Schurmann,
Economic Structure,
108–30.

14.
   Huitong Canal: Lo, “Controversy over Grain Conveyance,” 285; Needham et al.,
3 and Civilisation,
vol. 4, pt. 3:306–20.

15.
   advances in navigational practice: Lo, “Chinese Shipping,” 171.

16.
   “The ship’s pilots”: Zhu Yu,
Pinzhou Table Talk,
in Needham,
Science and Civilisation,
vol. 4, pt. 1:279.

17.
   compass was used: Needham et al.,
Science and Civilisation,
vol. 4, pt. 1:279–92; Lane, “Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass.” For references in Persian and Arabic sources, see Tibbetts,
Arab Navigation,
290; Needham et al.,
Science and Civilisation,
vol. 4, pt. 1:245–51.

18.
   “During the night”: In Needham et al.,
Science and Civilisation,
vol. 4, pt. 1:280.

19.
   world’s first printed map: Needham et al.,
Science and Civilisation,
3:549 and fig. 227.

20.
   “seaway compass charts”: Deng,
Chinese Maritime Activities,
55.

21.
   ports with a
shibosi
: Sung and Schurmann,
Economic Structure,
223–25.

22.
   ban on private overseas trade: Ibid., 224–25.

23.
   “in many cases”: In ibid., 226.

24.
   “No gold, silver, copper”:
Yuan Shih,
25b1, in Sung and Schurmann,
Economic Structure,
232.

25.
   “The splendid city of Zaiton”:
Polo,
Travels,
237. Zaitun, “
olive town,” was the Persian and Arabic name for
Quanzhou, possibly because of its similarity to the Chinese
citong,
a tree valued
in shipbuilding for the preservative quality of the tung oil pressed from its nut and widely planted in Quanzhou in the tenth century. See Schottenhammer, “Transfer of Xiangyao from Iran and Arabia to China,” 144–45.

26.
   Korea’s withdrawal: Verschuer,
Across the Perilous Sea,
47.

27.
   “The Genji had more”:
Tales of the Heike,
11.7 (p. 134).

28.
   “took him in her arms”: Ibid., 11.9 (pp. 142–43). The Ryukyu chain stretches about 570 miles between northern Taiwan and southern Kyushu Island.
Okinawa is halfway along the chain, about 425 miles east of
Fuzhou.

29.
   fled overseas: Sakamaki, “Heike,” 115–22.

30.
   “Lined up stern to bow”:
Kaiqing siming xuzhi,
book 8, in Verschuer,
Across the Perilous Sea,
77.

31.
   commercial revival: Verschuer,
Across the Perilous Sea,
10, 33–47, 79–80, 151–52; Souyri,
World Turned Upside Down,
2–5, 154–55, 158–60.

32.
   Against the advice: Lee,
New History of Korea,
147–52.

33.
   Mongol invasion included: Conlan,
In Little Need of Divine Intervention,
255–64; Rossabi,
Khubilai Khan,
99–102.

34.
   erecting a coastal wall: Conlan,
In Little Need of Divine Intervention,
214–15, 234–39.

35.
   
kamikaze
: Ibid., 254–55.

36.
   “a few large Chinese-type vessels”:
Tales of the Heike,
11.7 (p. 134).

37.
   scrolls of Takezaki: Conlan,
In Little Need of Divine Intervention,
1–17.

38.
   size of the vessels: Souyri,
World Turned Upside Down,
150–51.

39.
   exposed to attack: Hall,
Maritime Trade,
210–12.

40.
   “The treasure in the island”: Polo,
Travels,
251.

41.
   disfigured and tattooed: Rockhill, “Notes,” 15 (1914): 442, 444–47; Hall,
Maritime Trade,
212; and Rossabi,
Khubilai Khan,
219.

42.
   “People in vast numbers”:
Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai,
161, in Reid, “Rise and Fall,” 62.

43.
   introduced copper
cash
: Reid,
Expansion and Crisis,
95–96; Wicks,
Money, Markets, and Trade,
291.

44.
   kingdom of Ayutthaya: Taylor, “Early Kingdoms,” 168–73; Reid,
Expansion and Crisis,
205; and Lieberman,
Strange Parallels,
1:245.

45.
   Marco Polo’s account: Polo,
Travels,
241–312.

46.
   geographic and economic knowledge: Deng,
Chinese Maritime Activities,
57–58.

47.
   Zhao Rugua: See Hirth and Rockhill’s introduction to Zhao Rugua,
On the Chinese and Arab Trade,
36–38.

48.
   “several of the countries of the Dashi”: Zhao Rugua,
On the Chinese and Arab Trade,
227;
rattan mats:
220; and
cotton:
217–20; Rockhill, “Notes,” pt. 1:419.

49.
   “when we conversed”:
Ibn Battuta,
Travels
, 4:899. Ibn Battuta’s description of Southeast Asia and of his trip from Guangzhou to
Hangzhou is so confused that some doubt he ever got that far. Similar questions have also been raised about the accuracy of Marco Polo’s writing. See, for example, Ross E. Dunn,
The Adventures of Ibn Battua, a Muslim Traveler in the 14th Century
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 252–53, and Frances Wood,
Did Marco Polo Go to China?
(Boulder: Westview, 1996).

50.
   Cairo Geniza: Goitein,
Mediterranean Society,
1:1–23; Goitein and Friedman,
“India Book,”
3–6.

51.
   Abraham ben Yiju: Goitein and Friedman,
“India Book,”
52–58, 69–70.

52.
   Madmun ben Hasan-Japheth: Ibid., 37–47.

53.
   “two [sets] of fine”:
Ibid., 313–17.

54.
   “partnerships according to Muslim law”: Ibid., 12.

55.
   
karim
, “a convoy or group”: Goitein, “Beginnings,” 353, 360. See Goitein and Friedman,
“India Book,”
483n28; Margariti, Aden, 152–53. But see also the note on the “dock of Akkad,” above p. 606.

56.
   “the lords of the seas and deserts”: In Goitein and Friedman,
“India Book,”
38.

57.
   Reynald de Châtillon: Ibn Jubayr,
Travels,
52; Ehrenkreutz, “Place of Saladin,” 109–10.

58.
   Aden did not begin: Margariti,
Aden
, 43;
duties:
94.

59.
   “all sorts of silk”: Benjamin of Tudela,
Itinerary,
119.

60.
   “We faced each other”:
Goitein
, “Two Eyewitness Reports,” 256; Goitein and Friedman,
“India Book,”
342, 337–47.

61.
   “told me that”: In Stern, “Ramisht of Siraf,” 10.

62.
   twenty-four dinars a year: Goitein,
Mediterranean Society,
1:359.

63.
   The freedman of a governor: Goitein, “Two Eyewitness Reports,” 247.

64.
   the caprice of political rulers: Goitein, “Beginnings,” 351; Serjeant, “Yemeni Merchants,” 69; and Goitein and Friedman, “
India Book,”
260n6.

65.
   “dispensed unaccustomed justice”: In Serjeant, “Yemeni Merchants,” 70.

66.
   pilgrimage by sea: Chakravarti, “Nakhudas and Nauvittakas,” 42–43.

67.
   “The reason why”: Al-Biruni, in ibid., 52.

68.
   Jain merchants and Siddharaja: Wink,
Al-Hind,
2:273–75.

69.
   “great and respected chief”: In Chakravarti, “Nakhudas and Nauvittakas,” 53–55.

70.
   supplier of pepper: Hall,
Maritime Trade,
225.

71.
   “moment of incandescence”: Johns, “Islam in Southeast Asia,” 39.

72.
   the religion flowed easily: Hall, “Upstream and Downstream Unification,” 202–3.

73.
   emergent state of Ayutthaya: Hall,
Maritime Trade,
226.

74.
   new port of Melaka: Taylor, “Early Kingdoms,” 175–76; Hall,
Maritime Trade,
227–28.

75.
   The commercial character of Melaka: Subrahmanyam, “Of Imarat and Tijarat,” 756–57.

76.
   Melaka maritime code: Winstedt and Josselin De Jong, “Maritime Laws of Malacca,” 27; Reid,
Expansion and Crisis,
110; and Hall, “Economic History of Early Southeast Asia,” 190–91.

77.
   women in trade: Reid,
The Lands Below the Winds,
146–53, 163–65; Reid,
Expansion and Crisis,
49, 91–93, 124.

78.
   Ming Taizu, as he is known, installed: Fairbank, Reischauer, and Craig,
East Asia,
180–82.

79.
   “not even a little plank”: In Blussé,
Visible Cities,
15.

80.
   Neo-Confucian cast: Wang, “ ‘Public’ and ‘Private’ Overseas Trade,” 138–39.

81.
   “To repel them at sea”: Lo, “Decline of Early Ming Navy,” 149–50, 157–63.

82.
   Chengzu’s motives: Dreyer,
Zheng He,
33–34.

83.
   “the great country”: Ma Huan,
Overall Survey,
137.

84.
   Ma Huan, visited Mecca: Ibid., 173–78; Dreyer,
Zheng He,
158.

85.
   “the arrival of the vessels”:
Chronicle of the Rasulid Dynasty,
in Serjeant, “Yemeni Merchants,” 74–75. The
mithqal
was a gold dinar with a standard weight of 4.231 grams. Storax is an aromatic resin used as incense.

86.
   “had an audience”:
Ibn al-Dayba, Bughyat al-mustafid fi tarikh Madinat Zabid,
in Serjeant, “Yemeni Merchants,” 75.

87.
   generally pacific nature: Dreyer,
Zheng He,
28–30.

88.
   a Chinese renegade: Ibid., 55–60, 66–73, 79–81.

89.
   Domestically, the empire endured:
Lo, “Termination of the Ming Naval Expeditions,” 129–31; Lo, “Decline of Early Ming Navy,” 163.

90.
   “deceitful exaggerations”: Gu Qiyuan,
Kezuo Zhuiyu,
in Duyvendak, “True Dates,” 395–96. See Dreyer,
Zheng He,
173–75.

91.
   “from Guangdong [Province] and Zhangzhou”: Ma Huan,
Overall Survey,
93. See Reid,
Expansion and Crisis,
204–7; Wang, “Merchants Without Empires,” 404–5.

92.
   Sam Poh Kong Temple: Needham et al.,
Science and Civilisation,
vol. 4, pt. 3:494.

93.
   “cowrie shells and
qanbar
”: Ibn Battuta,
Travels,
4:827.

94.
   “in the mountains”: Zhao Rugua,
On the Chinese and Arab Trade,
133.

95.
   “ten thousand horses”: Wassaf Abdu-llah,
Tazjiyatu-l Amsar Wa Tajriyatu-l Asar
(A Ramble Through the Regions and the Passing of Ages), 33.

96.
   “the merchants of Hormuz and Kais”: Polo,
Travels,
264.

97.
   “We had two tarides”: Ibn Battuta,
Travels,
4:820. In place of “tartan” in the original translation, I have used “
taride
.” But note Agius,
Classic Ships of Islam,
342: “I am not sure how accurate Ibn Battuta is in recording the name for this ship-type in the Indian Ocean context. No doubt the
tarida
he witnessed must have looked identical in structure to the Mediterranean one.”

98.
   “they build ships”: Wang Ta-yuan,
Tao-I Chih lio
[Wang Dayuan,
Daoyi Zhilue
], in Rockhill, “Notes” (1915), 623–24. See Chakravarti, “Overseas Trade in Horses,” 351–52; and Deng,
Maritime Sector,
112–13.

99.
   no more than forty horses: Agius,
Classic Ships of Islam,
340–41. Horses require between 18 and 45 liters of water per day, depending on the conditions. Pryor estimates that a horse being carried in the Mediterranean during the summer would need about 36 liters, or 1.1 metric tons, for 30 days. Pryor and Jeffreys,
Age of the Dromon,
327–29;
air circulation:
330–31.

100.
   from Oman to the Malabar coast: Sulayman,
Account of China and India,
14 (p. 38).

101.
   “endures all the strain”:
Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama
(1869), 239–40, in Agius,
Classic Ships of Islam,
163–64. On the advantages of sewn-plank construction, see chap. 2 and note on “The inherent flexibility,” p. 604 above.

102.
   “carry a much bigger cargo”: Polo,
Travels,
242.

103.
   Quanzhou wreck: Green, “Song Dynasty Shipwreck”; Keith and Buys, “New Light
on Ship Construction;” Li Guo-Qing, “Use of
Chu-Nam
”; and Merwin, “Excavation of a Sung Dynasty Seagoing Vessel.”