The Transformation of the World (223 page)

  61
. Somel,
Modernization of Public Education
, pp. 173–79. Somel sums this up as the “duality of technological modernism and Islamism” (p. 3). On architecture, see also Fortna,
Imperial Classroom
, pp. 139–45.

  62
. Somel,
Modernization of Public Education
, p. 204.

  63
. Szyliowicz,
Education and Modernization
, pp. 170–78; Keddie,
Modern Iran
, p. 29; Amin et al.,
Modern Middle East
, pp. 43f.

  64
. Ringer,
Education and Society
, p. 206.

  65
. Goonatilake,
Toward a Global Science
, p. 62, drawing on Benares as an example. Cf. Burke,
A Social History
, pp. 50–52.

  66
. For an (implicitly comparative) account of Islamic institutions of learning, see Huff,
Early Modern Science
, pp. 147–79.

  67
. Björn Wittrock, “The Modern University: The Three Transformations,” in: Rothblatt and Wittrock,
European and American University
, pp. 303–62, at 304f., 310ff.

  68
. There is a wonderful sociological character sketch in Rothblatt,
Revolution of the Dons
, pp. 181–208.

  69
. J.-C. Caron,
Générations romantiques
, p. 167.

  70
. Brim,
Universitäten
, p. 154.

  71
. Lee Ki-baik,
Korea
, p. 342; Lee Chong-sik,
Korean Nationalism
, pp. 89–126.

  72
. John Roberts et al., “Exporting Models,” in: Rüegg,
History of the University
, vol. 2, pp. 256–83.

  73
. Edward Shils and John Roberts, “The Diffusion of European Models outside Europe,” in Rüegg,
History of the University
, vol. 3, pp. 163–231. Interesting on Africa is Nwauwa,
Imperialism
.

  74
. Rüegg,
History of the University
, vol. 3, pp. 187ff.

  75
. İsanoğlu,
Science
, Text III, pp. 38f.

  76
. Hayhoe,
China's Universities
, p. 13. Cf. Lu Yongling and Ruth Hayhoe, “Chinese Higher Learning: The Transition Process from Classical Knowledge Patterns to Modern Disciplines, 1860–1910,” in Charle et al.,
Transnational Intellectual Networks
, pp. 269–306.

  77
. Quoted in Shils and Roberts, “The Diffusion of European Models outside Europe,” in Rüegg,
History of the University
, vol. 3, p. 225.

  78
. Ringer,
German Mandarins
; B. K. Marshall, “Professors and Politics: The Meiji Academic Elite,” in Kornicki,
Meiji Japan
, vol. 4, pp. 296–318.

  79
. Bartholomew,
Science in Japan
, pp. 84f.

  80
. W. Clark,
Academic Charisma
; cf. Schalenberg,
Humboldt auf Reisen?
pp. 53–75. That Humboldt's university was not a radically new departure but part of a wider European conception of “enlightened absolutism,” is shown in R. D. Anderson,
European Universities
, ch. 2, see also ch. 4 (on Humboldt).

  81
. David Cahan, “Institutions and Communities,” in idem,
From Natural Philosophy
, pp. 291–328, at 313–17.

  82
. Jungnickel and McCormmach,
Intellectual Mastery
, vol. 2, pp. 166ff.

  83
. Konrad H. Jarausch, “Universität und Hochschule,” in C. Berg et al.,
Handbuch
, vol. 4, pp. 313–39, at 38f.

  84
. R. D. Anderson,
European Universities
, p. 292.

  85
. W. Clark,
Academic Charisma
, p. 461.

  86
. Leedham-Green,
Concise History
, p. 195.

  87
. John R. Thelin, “The Research University,” in Cayton,
Encyclopedia
, vol. 3, pp. 2037–45, at 2037.

  88
. Veysey,
Emergence
, p. 171.

  89
. Thelin,
American Higher Education
, pp. 114, 116, 122–31, 153f. Still useful for the period around the turn of the century is Veysey,
Emergence
.

  90
. Bartholomew,
Science in Japan
, pp. 64, 68ff., 123.

  91
. On Rieß see Mehl,
History and the State
, pp. 94–102.

  92
. İsanoğlu,
Science
, Text X, p. 53.

  93
. Goonatilake,
Toward a Global Science
, pp. 53–55.

  94
. See the fundamental considerations in Raina,
Images and Contexts
, pp. 176–91; and the superb collections (of reprints) Habib and Raina,
Social History of Science
.

  95
. Nakayama,
Traditions
, pp. 195–202.

  96
. Elman,
On Their Own Terms
, p. 298.

  97
. Howland,
Translating the West
, p. 97.

  98
. Wang Hui, “The Fate of ‘Mr. Science' in China: The Concept of Science and Its Application in Modern Chinese Thought,” in Barlow,
Formations
, pp. 21–81, at 22f., 30f., 33, 56. There are many excellent case studies of terminological transfer into Chinese in Lackner et al.,
New Terms
, and Vittinghoff and Lackner,
Mapping Meanings
.

  99
. C. T. Jackson,
Oriental Religions
, p. 57.

100
. See Sullivan,
Meeting of Eastern and Western Art
, pp. 120–39, 209–29; cf. K. Berger,
Japonisme
.

101
. Fauser,
Musical Encounters
; Locke,
Musical Exoticism
.

102
. There is a brief characterization of theosophy in Burrow,
Crisis of Reason
, pp. 226–29; see also Aravamudan,
Guru English
, pp. 105–41.

103
. On India see Arnold,
Science
, p. 124; also important is Yamada Keiji,
Transfer of Science
.

104
. Prakash,
Another Reason
, pp. 6, 53.

105
. Especially good on India is the analysis in ibid., pp. 52ff.

106
. Bowler and Morus,
Making Modern Science
, p. 338.

107
. Theodore M. Porter, “The Social Sciences,” in Cahan,
From Natural Philosophy
, pp. 254–90, at 254. See also
chapter 1
, above.

108
. Dorothy Ross, “Changing Contours of the Social Science Disciplines,” in D. Porter and Ross,
Modern Social Sciences
, pp. 205–37, at 208–14.

109
. Barshay,
Social Sciences
, pp. 40–42.

110
. There are brief overviews in Iggers and Wang,
Modern Historiography
, pp. 117–33; and D. R. Woolf,
A Global History of History
, pp. 364–97; and on a grander scale, idem,
Oxford History of Historical Writing
, vol. 4.

111
. René Wellek, the standard authority, traces the beginnings of literary criticism to 1750. Art criticism went back earlier in Europe, to the time of Giorgio Vasari (1511–74).

112
. There is more on this in Osterhammel,
Entzauberung
.

113
. Still unsurpassed, after numerous more recent studies, is Schwab,
Oriental Renaissance
.

114
. A few classics are Tahtawi,
An Imam
; Kume Kunitake,
Iwakura Embassy
; Parsons,
King Khama
. More in Osterhammel,
Ex-zentrische Geschichte
.

115
. Gran-Aymerich,
Naissance de l'archéologie moderne
, pp. 83–86.

116
. Peers,
Colonial Knowledge
.

117
. Said,
Orientalism
launched this debate and is still one of its most important texts. On the discussion in English and Arabic, see Varisco,
Reading Orientalism
; a model of a sober empirical study on orientalist scholarship is Marchand,
German Orientalism
.

118
. See the case studies in Stuchtey,
Science
.

119
. This ambiguity is well brought out from the French example in Singaravélou,
L'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
, pp. 183ff.

120
. Stocking,
Victorian Anthropology
; idem,
After Tylor
.

121
. See also
chapters 1
and
    3
, above.

122
. Stafford,
Scientist of Empire
; Robert A. Stafford, “Scientific Exploration and Empire,” in Louis,
Oxford History of the British Empire
, vol. 3, pp. 224–319; Driver,
Geography Militant
.

123
. Brennecke,
Sven Hedin
. There seems to be no adequate biography in English.

124
. S. Conrad,
Globalisation
, ch. 2.

125
. Schleier,
Kulturgeschichtsschreibung
, vol. 2, pp. 813–41.

126
. Venturi,
Roots of Revolution
, pp. 633ff.

127
. As a young man, however, Bartók had learned the habits of high Romantic virtuosos from his teacher István Thomán, one of Liszt's most gifted disciples.

CHAPTER XVII: Civilization and Exclusion

    1
. On the following, see B. Barth and Osterhammel,
Zivilisierungsmissionen
; Mazlish,
Civilization
; and, with special reference to South Asia, Fischer-Tiné and Mann,
Colonialism
. There is a good succinct overview in an unexpected place: Costa,
Civitas
, vol. 3, pp. 457–99.

    2
. Pagden,
Lords
, pp. 79f.

    3
. Adas,
Contested Hegemony
.

    4
. Sarmiento,
Civilization and Barbarism
. The centrality of the barbarism/civilization opposition, with a wider reference than Argentina, is shown in Brading,
First America
, pp. 621–47 and Manrique,
De la conquista a la globalización
, pp. 147–66.

    5
. Nani,
Ai confini della nazione
, pp. 97ff.; Moe,
View from Vesuvius
.

    6
. Seidl,
Bayern in Griechenland
.

    7
. Broers,
Napoleonic Empire
, pp. 245f. and passim.

    8
. R. Owen,
Lord Cromer
, esp. pp. 304ff.

    9
. The classic text on the impact of utilitarians in India is Stokes,
English Utilitarians
.

  10
. J. Fisch,
Immolating Women
, pp. 376ff., 232f. In noncolonial Nepal, widow burning remained legal until 1920!

  11
. See the distinction between a “state model” of colonization and a missionary-borne “civilizing colonialism,” in Comaroff and Comaroff,
Ethnography
, pp. 198–205.

  12
. On the example of the Jamaica (Morant Bay) affair of 1865, see Kostal,
Jurisprudence of Power
, pp. 463 and passim.

  13
. Gong,
Standard of “Civilization.”

  14
. Koskenniemi,
Gentle Civilizer
, pp. 49, 73.

  15
. The standard work is still Betts,
Assimilation
.

  16
. Data on colonial crimes may be found in Ferro,
Le livre noir
. German operations in South-West Africa have recently attracted particular attention.

  17
. Brantlinger,
Dark Vanishings
, pp. 94ff.

  18
. Rivet,
Le Maroc
, pp. 36–77.

  19
. M. C. Meyer and Sherman,
Course of Mexican History
, p. 457.

  20
. Bullard,
Exile
, pp. 17, 121f.

  21
. The term is borrowed from Stephanson,
Manifest Destiny
, p. 80—a good introduction to American ideas about “civilizing.” For different approaches see Ninkovich,
Global Dawn
; Tyrrell,
Reforming the World
.

  22
. Manela,
Wilsonian Moment
.

  23
. The quote was doing the rounds in 1930, but it is hard to track down the precise source.

  24
. The authoritative account of antislavery is Drescher,
Abolition
.

  25
. Clarence-Smith,
Islam
, p. 146.

  26
. This is my reading of the circumspect discussion in Pamela Kyle Crossley, “Slavery in Early Modern China,” in: Eltis and Engerman,
Cambridge World History of Slavery,
vol. 3, pp. 186–213, esp. 206f.

  27
. Botsman,
Freedom without Slavery
, p. 1327.

  28
. Palais,
Korean Uniqueness
, p. 418.

  29
. Thanet Aphornsuvan, “Slavery and Modernity: Freedom in the Making of Modern Siam,” in: Kelly and Reid,
Asian Freedoms
, pp. 161–86, esp. 177.

  30
. Sanneh,
Abolitionists Abroad
.

  31
. Temperley,
British Antislavery
, gives a clear account of this kind of internationalism.

  32
. Gott,
Cuba
, pp. 45f.

  33
. Green,
British Slave Emancipation
, is still a fundamental work on the subject.

  34
. D. B. Davis,
Inhuman Bondage
, p. 79.

  35
. For a profound analysis of the conceptual world of British abolitionists see D. B. Davis,
Slavery and Human Progress
, pp. 107–68. On the “egoism” of such thinking, see C. L. Brown,
Moral Capital
; and on the general “culture” of the movement, Turley,
English Anti-Slavery
.