The Transformation of the World (269 page)

Malthusian theories of,
121
–
22

migration and mixed origin of,
130

and military power,
120

monastic,
881

mortality rates,
122
,
126
–
28

negative population of China,
120
–
21

by political units,
118
–
20

“population disasters,”
125
–
27

port cites and,
280

poverty and,
121
–
22

reproductive behavior and,
120
–
22
,
127
–
28

revolution and youthful,
658

stagnation of population growth,
118
,
123

“supergrowth” of cities,
258
–
59

urbanization and,
123

violence and decline in,
120
–
21

war and population disasters,
124
–
26
,
140

Port Arthur,
490
–
91

ports,
261

modernization of,
278
–
79

port cities,
275
–
77

railroads and,
279
–
80

revolutions and,
281
–
82

societies of,
280
–
83

steamships and,
277
,
279

treaty ports,
289
–
90

Port Said,
690

Portsmouth,
277
,
304

Portugal

agriculture in,
212

in Brazil,
129
–
30
,
136
,
139
,
408

education and literacy in,
788

France and,
54
,
139
,
408

as imperial power,
59
,
89
,
100
,
129
–
30
,
401
,
408
,
418
,
538
,
915

migration from,
129
–
30
,
156

population in,
123
,
129
–
30
,
136

revolution in,
63
,
520

slave trade and,
151
,
538

trade economy and,
475

Portuguese language,
781
–
82

positivism,
17
–
18
,
28
,
43
,
50
,
807
–
8
,
897

postal service,
70
,
233
,
510
,
550
,
714

Potosí,
265
,
267

poverty

as abstract, statistical concept,
28

begging and,
226

in Britain,
40

industrial employment and,
662

as photographic subject,
40
,
41

population and,
121
–
22

race and,
286
–
87

as relative and culturally defined,
217

slums and,
308
–
9

starvation and,
217
(
See also
famine
)

state provision of welfare,
623
–
25

workhouses and poorhouses,
224
,
225

Prague,
139
,
269
,
298
,
305
,
870

press,
18
,
29
–
36
,
595
,
893
,
901

as political instrument,
30
,
32
–
35
,
36
,
503

See also
censorship

the primitive,
14
,
324
,
876

romanticism of the “noble savage,”
148
,
344
,
348

Primo de Rivera, Miguel,
576

printing presses,
35

productivity

expansion of world trade,
726

Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
168
–
70
,
615
–
16

industrial revolution and,
642
–
49

labor and growth in,
907
–
8

property ownership

collectivization and,
107

rationalized ordering of space and,
105

state and regulation of,
330
–
31

prostitution,
622
,
696
,
862

Protestantism,
827

protests,
52
,
66
,
206
–
7
,
459
,
467
,
504
,
517
,
519
–
21
,
537
,
565
,
571
,
684
,
799
,
863

See also
abolition
;
revolutions

proto-industries,
645
–
46
,
660
,
666
,
725

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph,
604

Prus, Bołeslaw,
20

Prussia,
61

Austro-Prussian War,
410
–
11
,
416
–
17
,
470
,
491
,
557

Bismarck and Prussian-German nation building,
266
,
398
,
403
,
410
–
11
,
417
,
518
–
19

Danish-Prussian War,
470

disease outbreaks in,
183
,
193
–
94

education in,
789

Franco-Prussian War,
123
,
182
,
194
,
403
,
416

free labor in,
704
,
707

Geneva Convention and,
505

governing apparatus of,
176
,
607
,
795
–
96

as “Great Power,”
397
,
421
,
484

as military power,
484
,
617
(
See also
specific wars under this heading
)

monarchy in,
19
,
266
,
584

port cities in,
277
,
281

reforms in,
625
–
27
,
795
–
96

social class in,
218

statistics as science in,
26
–
27
,
213

territories controlled by,
112
–
13

the public sphere,
32
–
35
,
37
,
138
–
39
,
596
–
98
,
628

Puerto Rico,
400
,
418

Pugachev, Emilian,
248
,
525
,
533

Pulitzer, Joseph,
36

Punjab,
199
,
400
,
448
,
479
,
547
,
553
,
616
–
17

Pyrenees Mountains,
89
,
148

Qajar Dynasty,
570

Qianlong, Emperor of China,
49
,
124
,
209
–
10
,
496
,
906

Qingdao,
291
,
401

Qing Dynasty

art and culture in,
20

bureaucracy in,
200

decline of empire,
481
,
513
,
553
,
717

famine during,
206
–
10

frontier settlement and,
134
–
35
,
145
–
46
,
186
–
87
,
359

governing apparatus of,
8
,
104
,
200
,
750

international relations and,
93
,
111
,
358
,
481
,
495
,
501

knowledge transfer and production in,
8
,
10
,
20
,
92

labor migration and coolie trade during,
162

Manchurian origins of,
93
,
357
,
359
,
864
–
65

medical science during,
187
–
88

as military power,
60
,
103
,
489
,
495
,
548
–
49

nationalism and,
426

rebellions against,
10
,
120
,
138
,
187
,
200
,
209
,
489
,
548
–
49
,
567
,
575
,
864
–
65

reforms during,
564
–
65

territorial expansion and,
103
,
111
,
134
–
35
,
358
–
60
,
432

Tongzhi Restoration and reforms,
65
,
553

Westernization and,
237
,
268
,
501

Yellow River floods,
200

Quakers,
203
,
341
,
508
,
541
,
699
,
842

quality of life,
165

quarantines,
172
,
186
,
187
–
88
,
193

Quebec,
190
,
297
,
782

Quesnay, François,
25

Quetelet, Lambert-Adolphe,
28

Rabat,
270
,
293
,
297

race,
906

annexation of Mexican territory and,
338

Aryanhood,
860

“Black Atlantic” or African Atlantic,
99

censuses and,
27

civil rights and racial discrimination,
449
,
530
–
31
,
700
,
842
,
852
–
53

colonialism and,
60

eugenics,
856
,
859
,
868

Eurasian as racial identity,
102
–
3

Europe and concepts of,
88

on frontiers,
339

poverty and,
286
–
87

segregation and,
287
–
88

statistics and ethnicity,
29

theories of,
857
–
58

western stereotypes of Asians,
84
,
121
–
22

“white” race as concept,
856
,
858
,
871

“yellow” races as concept,
84
,
860

See also
racism

racism

anti-Semitism and,
869
–
71

against Asians,
856
,
860
,
862
–
63

civilizing missions and,
835
,
871

civil rights and racial discrimination,
449
,
530
–
31
,
700
,
842
,
852
–
53
,
863

as cultural construct,
692

dominant,
860
–
61

eugenics,
868

Eurocentrism and,
237
–
38

exclusionary,
857

genocides and exterminatory,
857
,
870

immigration policy and,
861
–
62

imperial identities and,
464
–
65

and inequality,
915

Jews constructed as race,
866
–
67

modernity and,
872

nationalism and,
856
–
57

post-emancipation,
851
–
55

racial “purity” and,
27
,
856
,
871

segregation and,
857

slavery and,
857
–
58

social hierarchies and,
857
–
58

socio-economic class and,
857

in South Africa,
355

stereotyping and,
464
–
65

taxonomic classification and,
464
,
622

in US,
355
,
449
–
50
,
851
,
862
–
63
,
871

violence and,
856
–
57

radio,
30
,
39
,
64
,
395

railroads,
911

acceleration and,
74

cities as junctions in,
265

as colonial powers,
445

fuel demands and,
381

labor and construction of,
691
–
93

ports and,
279
–
80

time synchronization and train schedules,
69
–
70

train crashes,
75

See also under specific nations and regions

Ramakrishna Pramahamsa,
900