The Transformation of the World (274 page)

Tongmenghui,
566
,
717

Tonkin, Vietnam,
284
,
440
,
520

Tönnies, Ferdinand,
746
,
903

tortoise, Harriet,
3

tourism,
14
,
164
–
65
,
229
,
232
,
244
,
267
,
271
,
278
,
296
,
691
,
714
–
18
,
829
,
900
–
901

Toussaint Louverture, François Dominique,
530
–
31

trade, international,
64
,
726

in agricultural products,
132
–
33
,
158
,
161
,
212
,
215
,
372

chartered companies and,
725

colonial cities and,
285
–
86
,
289

commodity chains and,
729

competition and,
453
–
54
,
662

consumer society and,
234
,
453

control of production,
150
,
726

customs as trade barrier,
277
,
727
–
28

famine as result of,
208
–
9

free markets and,
453
–
55

frontiers and,
323
,
352
,
364
,
372

imperial economics and,
463
–
64

industrialization and,
643
–
45
,
648
,
660
,
662

monopolies and,
261
–
62
,
729
,
768
,
769

Navigation Laws and,
261
–
62

networks,
262
–
63
,
725
–
26

and “opening” of China,
161
–
62

as polycentric,
724

port cities and,
275

proto-industrial production and,
660
,
725

tariffs and,
213
,
216
,
277
,
427
,
454
–
55
,
463
,
476
,
494
,
557
,
616
,
660
,
662
,
667
,
727
–
28
,
729
,
732
,
862

trading structures,
726

transportation and,
728
–
29

war or revolution and,
486
–
87
,
535

See also
slave trade
; specific nations

transportation

animal energy and,
302
–
5

automobiles,
64
,
304
,
306
–
7
,
320
,
653
,
777

costs,
729

human propelled,
302
–
6
,
719

mobility and,
911

productivity growth and,
908

streetcars,
246
,
303
,
305
–
6
,
310
,
911

subway systems,
301

See also
railroads
;
shipping

travel writing,
21
–
23

treasuries of memory,
7
–
17

Treaty

of Amiens,
528

of Berlin,
144
,
893

Clayton-Bulwer,
477

Fort Laramie,
345

of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
477

Kanghwa,
494

of Küçük Kaynarca,
94

of Lausanne,
472

of Nanjing,
52
,
528
,
547

of Paris,
448
,
451
–
52
,
500
,
527

of Sèvres,
471

Sino-Japanese,
481

of Waitangi,
54
–
55
,
500

tribal societies,
149
,
324
,
360
,
372
–
73
,
439
,
574
,
748
,
749

Trinidad,
158
,
159
,
840
,
850
–
51

Tristan, Flora,
508

Troeltsch, Ernst,
53

Trollope, Anthony,
19

Trounachon, Gaspard-Félix “Nadar,”
39

Tsarist Empire,
215
,
376
,
429
–
31
,
463
,
576
,
628

China and,
92
,
111
,
359
,
481

and Crimean War,
38
,
39
,
89
,
140
,
191
,
398
,
421
,
470
,
491
,
498
,
617
,
626
,
704
,
722

currency in,
733
–
34

Decembrist movement in,
89
,
133
,
525
–
26

diversity within,
435
,
450
,
589

epidemic disease in,
191
,
193

famine in,
204

and frontier settlement,
361
–
68

Hague Peace Conference and,
509
–
10

international investment in,
738
–
39

Japan and,
483
,
559
,
568

Jews and anti-Semitism in,
143
–
44
,
856
,
867
–
68
,
870
,
871

justice or law enforcement in,
134

loss of colonial territories,
466

Middle East and,
83

nationalism in,
406

Ottoman Empire and,
89
,
470

population of,
119
,
121
,
123
–
24
,
250

press freedoms in,
32

railroads,
719

rebellion in,
525
,
799

reforms in,
627

religion in,
884

religious intolerance in,
878
(
See also
Jews
under this heading
)

revolution in,
525
–
26

Russian as official language in,
782

serfdom in,
701
–
3
,
844
,
847

socioeconomic classes in,
747
–
48
,
773

Stolypin and reforms in,
366
,
369
,
677
,
703

territorial expansion and,
89
,
101
,
103
,
108
,
123
,
358
,
361
–
68
,
365
,
420
,
432

as “western,”
89
,
204

See also
Russia

tuberculosis,
125
,
178
–
79
,
190
,
688

Tunbridge Wells,
266

Tunisia,
112
,
153
,
438
,
458
,
498
,
629
,
849

Túpac Amaru II,
533
,
540
,
916

Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques,
528
,
563
,
625

Turner, Frederick Jackson,
99
,
325
–
26
,
328
–
29
,
332
–
33
,
339
,
361
,
366

turning points in history,
52
–
55

Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens),
11
–
12
,
22
,
228
,
694

Tylor, Edward Burnett,
887

typhus,
173
,
178
,
194
,
203

Uganda,
127

United Nations, Declaration of Human Rights,
836
–
37
,
878

United States,
6
,
28
,
104
–
5
,
123
,
169
,
172
,
175
,
740
,
791
–
92
,
800
,
906

American Civil War,
105
,
845
–
47

American War of Independence,
60
,
394
,
399
–
400
,
514
,
521
–
24
,
540
,
542

civil rights as institutionalized in,
543
,
600
–
601
,
700
,
852
–
53
,
863

Civil War in,
4
,
55
,
124
,
491
,
537
,
871

democracy in,
60
–
61
,
343
,
507
,
593
,
595
–
96
,
600
–
603

“exceptionalism,”
331
–
33
,
523

frontier settlement in,
331
–
46

Homestead Act,
337
–
38

imperialism and,
119
,
449
–
50
,
509
–
10

Indian nations and,
124
,
125
,
131
,
141
,
333
–
36
,
340
,
342
–
43
,
345
,
363
,
486
,
835
,
896

as nation-state,
416
–
17

racism in,
355
,
449
–
50
,
835
,
851
,
862
–
63
,
865
–
66

religiosity in,
882
–
83
,
885

slavery in,
105
,
131
,
845
–
47

Spanish-American War,
46
,
63
,
363
,
395
,
399
,
483
,
536

suffrage in,
507
,
603

territorial expansion and,
104
–
5
,
108
,
449
–
50
,
477

urbanization in,
255
,
258
–
59
,
333

as world power,
910

universities,
798
–
808

Urabi movement,
406
,
521

urbanization,
7
,
94
,
244
–
48

acceleration and,
249

civilizing missions and,
834

compression and,
249

deurbanization,
256
–
58

as global trend,
250
–
51

industrialization and,
249
–
50
,
267
–
70
,
273

regulatory and development planning and,
314
–
19

and size hierarchy of cities,
255
–
56

Uruguay,
118
,
229
,
407
,
476
–
77

Utah,
477
,
895
,
901

utilitarianism,
62
,
830
–
31
,
914

Van Gogh, Vincent,
65

Vatican,
8
,
270
,
410
,
592
,
901

Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de,
238

Veblen, Thorstein,
219
,
668

Venizelos, Eliftherios,
407

Verdi, Giuseppe,
691

Verne, Jules,
711

Vichy, France,
265

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy,
586

Victoria, Queen of England,
3
,
38
,
141
,
270
,
424
,
501
,
584
–
87
,
590
,
753
,
755
,
887

Victorian age,
53
,
58
–
59
,
128

cities during,
245
–
46
,
248
,
308

missionaries and morés of,
236

as “trunkated” nineteenth century,
62
–
63

Vienna,
7
,
15
,
252
,
268
,
269
,
270
,
274
,
286
,
295
,
868

Vierhaus, Rudolf,
59

Vietnam,
49
,
108
,
169
,
520
,
580
,
838

bureaucracy in,
609
,
611