Heinrich Himmler : A Life (164 page)

30
. BAB, NS 19/4007, published in Himmler,
Geheimreden
, 116 ff., relevant passage on 134.

31
. Herbert,
Fremdarbeiter
, 86 ff.

32
.
Documenta Occupationis
, vol. 10, doc. no. II 4, Himmler’s Edict Concerning the Treatment of Polish Civilian Workers Deployed in the Reich, 8 March 1940.

33
. BAB, R 58/272, 7 May 1940.

34
. Herbert,
Fremdarbeiter
, 94.

35
.
Documenta Occupationis
, vol. 10, doc. no. II 9, Reichsführer-SS Guidelines Concerning the Use of Special Treatment for Polish Forced Workers and Prisoners of War, 5 July 1941; see Herbert,
Fremdarbeiter
, 148; Heinemann,
‘Rasse’
, 488 ff.

36
. See Herbert,
Fremdarbeiter
, 149, who refers to a report in the Essen newspaper,
Rote Erde
.

37
. Johnson,
Terror
, 324 ff.

38
. See the figures ibid. 550 ff. and 387.

39
. Ibid. 352 ff.

40
. Wildt,
Generation
, 358 ff.

41
. Ibid. 132 ff. and 153 ff.

42
. See Adam,
Judenpolitik
, 258 ff., and Avraham Barkai,
Vom Boykott zur ‘Entjudung’. Der wirtschaftliche Existenzkampf der Juden im Dritten Reich 1933–1943
(Frankfurt a. M., 1987), 183 ff.

43
. Walk (ed.),
Sonderrecht
, IV 2; Adam,
Judenpolitik
, 259.

44
. Walk (ed.),
Sonderrecht
, IV 10, edict of the chief of the security police, 12 September 1939.

45
. RSHA edict of 21 September 1939, referred to in Adam,
Judenpolitik
, 260.

46
. Walk (ed.),
Sonderrecht
, IV 115.

47
. Statutes of the Reich Air Raid Defence League of 28 June 1940, in
RGBl
1940 I, 992; Walk (ed.),
Sonderrecht
, IV 127; Adam,
Judenpolitik
, 258 f.

48
. Adam,
Judenpolitik
, 260 f.; Konrad Kwiet, ‘Nach dem Pogrom. Stufen der Ausgrenzung’, in Wolfgang Benz (ed.),
Die Juden in Deutschland 1933–1945. Leben unter nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft
(Munich, 1989), 545–659, 605 ff.; Walk (ed.),
Sonderrecht
, IV 67, edict of the Reich Minister of Economics of 23 January 1940 re: The Provision of Textiles.

49
. Wolf Gruner,
Der geschlossene Arbeitseinsatz deutscher Juden. Zur Zwangsarbeit als Element der Verfolgung 1938–1943
(Berlin, 1997), 107 ff.

50
. Details in Longerich,
Politik
, 231. On the ‘Jew houses’ see Gruner,
Arbeitseinsatz
, 249 ff.

51
. Gruner,
Arbeitseinsatz
, 250, has demonstrated the existence of 38 such camps.

52
. OA Moscow, 500-1-597.

53
. OA Moscow, 503-1-324.

54
. Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft
, 305 ff.

55
. Ibid. 311.

56
. Ibid. 311 f.

57
. Ibid. 310 f. and 317 f.

58
. Reich Criminal Police Office, 1 September 1939, and edicts of the Reich Minister of the Interior of 9 and 12 September 1939 (all published in the pamphlet:
Collection of Edicts Concerning the Preventive Combating of Crime
, IfZ, Dc 17.02).

59
. Circular edict of 18 October 1939, published ibid.

60
. Broszat, ‘Konzentrationslager’, 399; Orth,
System
, 96 f.; Czes
ó
aw Pilichowski,
Es gibt keine Verjährung
(Warsaw, 1980), 127 (on people of Polish origin).

61
. Circular edict of 7 September 1939, published in
Collection of Edicts Concerning Preventive Combating of Crime
, IfZ, Dc 17.02.

62
. Circular edict of 12 September 1939, published ibid.

63
. Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft
, 332. According to official figures from the Reich Criminal Police Office on 31 December 1940 7,269 persons were in preventive police detention compared with 6,018 in the previous year and 3,231 at the end of 1938:
Jahrbuch Amt V (Reichskriminalpolizeiamt) des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes SS 1939/40
(Berlin, 1940), 5 and 44. On 1 January 1940 4,845 ‘professional
criminals, habitual criminals or people who posed a threat to the public’ were in police preventive custody and by the end of 1940 the figure was 6,530; the number of ‘asocials’ who were in preventive custody sank from 7,713 to 6,824:
Jahrbuch Amt V
, 44 f. Wagner,
Volksgemeinschaft
, 333, points out, however, that elsewhere in the same publication very different figures for ‘asocials’ in preventive custody on 31 December 1939 are referred to (p. 5: 8,212).

64
. RSHA decrees of 12 July 1940 (Homosexuals) and 25 October 1941 (IfZ, Dc 17.02,
Collection of Edicts Concerning the Preventive Combating of Crime
); Wagner, V
olksgemeinschaft
, 333 f.

65
. BAB, NS 19/1919, Himmler to Hildebrandt, 16 December 1939, from which Hildebrandt’s query can be inferred. On this matter see Orth,
System
, 69 ff.

66
. The relevant documents are in NS 19/1919: Himmler to Heissmeyer, 16 December 1939; Glücks to Himmler with the same date; Heissmeyer report of 25 January 1940; Glücks’s reports of 30 and 31 January 1940 and letter from Himmler of 30 April 1940.

67
. BAB, NS 19/1919, Heissmeyer report of 25 January 1941.

68
. Ibid. Report of 21 February 1941.

69
. BAB, BDC, SS-O Höss; Orth,
System
, 76 ff.; Steinbacher,
‘Musterstadt’
, 179 f.

70
. Steinbacher,
‘Musterstadt’
, 205 ff.; Peter Hayes,
Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era
(Cambridge, 2001), 347 ff.; Bernd C. Wagner,
IG Auschwitz. Zwangsarbeit und Vernichtung von Häftlingen des Lagers Monowitz 1941–1945
(Munich, 2000), 37 ff.; Hans Deichmann and Peter Hayes, ‘Standort Auschwitz. Eine Kontroverse über die Entscheidungsgründe für den Bau des I. G. Farben-Werks in Auschwitz’,
1999
, 11/1 (1996), 73–101.

71
.
Dienstkalender
.

72
. Steinbacher,
‘Musterstadt’
, 209 ff.; Himmler order of 26 February 1941, reproduced in IfZ, NI 11086, Krauch to Ambros, 4 March 1941.

73
. Kaienburg,
‘Vernichtung’
, 152 ff.

74
. Orth,
System
, 82 ff.; Isabell Sprenger,
Groβ-Rosen. Ein Konzentrationslager in Schlesien
(Cologne, etc., 1996), esp. 88 ff.

75
. Orth,
System
, 85 ff.

76
. On Hinzert and Niedernhagen see ibid. 88 ff.

77
. Ibid. 109 ff.

78
. Ibid. 102 ff.

79
. Ibid. 98; Kaienburg,
Neuengamme
, 229.

80
. IfZ, PS-1063, edict of 2 January 1941; see Orth,
System
, 86 f.

81
. Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 125 ff.

82
. Ibid. 131 ff.; Allen,
Business
, 72 ff. and 100 f.

83
. BAB, NS 3/1427, summary of Himmler’s comments on 4 October 1940;see also Kaienburg,
Wirtschaft
, 800.

84
. BAB, NS 19/2122, Himmler to Pohl, 24 June 1941; see on these experiments in detail Kaienburg,
Wirtschaft
, 80 ff.

85
. BAB, NS 19/3122, Himmler to Pohl, 29 November 1941, published in Himmler,
Reichsführer!
, no. 80a.

86
. BAB, NS 19/3122, Brandt to Vogel, 20 March 1942. In a letter to Konrad Meyer, who on his instructions was preparing the ‘General Plan East’, Himmler wrote that he naturally rejected anthroposophy, but that further experiments should be carried out in order to develop alternatives to artificial fertilizers which, in the long run, would very probably prove dangerous (NS 19/3211, 15 July 1941; see Kaienburg,
Wirtschaft
, 801).

87
. BAB, NS 19/3211, Report of 29 October 1943 and further material re: Wertingen.

88
. Kaienburg,
Wirtschaft
, 462 and 771 ff.; Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 137 f.

89
. Himmler circular of 15 September 1939, published in Himmler,
Reichsführer!
, no. 51; see also Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 136 f.

90
. Kaienburg,
Wirtschaft
, 474 ff.; Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 182 ff. However, the attempt to take over the Apollinaris Spring, which involved ‘enemy property’ under compulsory administration, failed; the firm was ultimately leased by the German Business Plants (Deutsche Wirtshaftsbetriebe); see Josef Henke, ‘Von den Grenzen der SS-Macht. Eine Fallstudie zur Tätigkeit des SS-WirtschaftsVerwaltungshauptamtes’, in Dieter Rebentisch and Karl Teppe (eds),
Verwaltung contra Menschenführung im Staat Hitlers. Studien zum politisch-administrativen System
(Göttingen, 1986), 255–77.

91
. Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 183.

92
. Kaienburg,
Wirtschaft
, 466 ff.; Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 144 f.

93
. Allen,
Business
, 83; Kaienburg,
Wirtschaft
, 412 ff.; Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 147 ff.

94
. Allen,
Business
, 92 ff. and 107 ff.; Kaienburg,
Wirtschaft
, 416 ff.; Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 193 ff.

95
. Schulte,
Zwangsarbeit
, 193 ff. emphasizes this ‘paradigm shift’.

96
. Decree of 17 October 1939, in
RGBl
1939 I, 2107 f., and the decrees implementing it of 1 November 1939 and 17 April 1940 (ibid. 2293 ff., and
RGBL
1940 I, 659). BAB, NS 7/2, edict of the Reichsführer-SS und Chief of the German Police Concerning the Decree Concerning the Jurisdiction of Special Courts in Criminal Cases Involving Members of the SS and Members of the Police Units Deployed on Special Missions, 20 November 1939. See on this whole matter Vieregge,
Gerichtsbarkeit
, 6 ff.

97
. Vieregge,
Gerichtsbarkeit
, 30.

98
. Ibid. 13 ff.

99
. Laid down in the edict of the SS Court Main Office of 29 December 1939; see Vieregge,
Gerichtsbarkeit
, 16.

100
. Ibid. 18 ff.

101
. On the inclusion of the indigenous inhabitants in the jurisdiction see ibid. 26 ff. In the Netherlands in individual cases the Reich Commissar could transfer the pursuit of criminal offences committed by the indigenous inhabitants to the SS and police courts. In Norway in September 1941 the Reich
Commissar even transferred the passing of judgement on all contraventions of his orders to the jurisdiction of the SS and police (Birn,
Die Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer
, 144; Robert Bohn,
Reichskommissariat Norwegen. ‘Nationalsozialistische Neuordnung’ und Kriegswirtschaft
(Munich, 2000), 91 ff.). In July 1942 in the Protectorate the SS and police courts took over the punishment of all direct attacks by non-Germans on the SS and police if the RFSS considered this necessary in the interests of the SS and police (decree of 15 July 1942 in
RGBl
1942 I, 475; Birn,
Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer
, 140 ff.). On the activities of the SS and police courts in relation to civilians in Denmark from the beginning of 1944 onwards see Erich Thomsen,
Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Dänemark 1940–1945
(Düsseldorf, 1971), 201 f.