Heinrich Himmler : A Life (168 page)

30
. Ibid. order from Himmler, 17 June, effective on 21 June 1941.

31
. These are described in detail in Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 33 ff.

32
. BAM, M 806 (copies from the Military Archive in Prague), actual strength end of July 1941.

33
. BAM, RH 22/155, published in Reinhard Rürup (ed.),
Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1941–1945. Eine Dokumentation
(Berlin, 1991), 45; on the details of how this arose see Förster, ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’, 511; Ralf Ogorreck,
Die Einsatzgruppen und die ‘Genesis der Endlösung’
(Berlin, 1996), 19 ff. The accompanying letter from the supreme commander of the army of 24 May 194
(Disziplinar-Erlass, in Jacobsen, ‘Kommissarbefehl’, doc. no. 10) took the line of preventing the fighting troops from interpreting this Führer order in too extreme a manner.

34
. BAM, RH 2/2082; published in Rürup (ed.),
Krieg
, 46. On the commissar order in general see Förster,
‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’
, 520 ff.

35
. BAM, RH 22/12. On the conditioning of the troops through propaganda see Förster,
‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’
, 525 ff.

36
. BAB, NS 19/3957, 11 to 15 June 1941, see
Dienstkalender
.

37
. Johst,
Ruf
.

38
. Note on the file concerning a conversation with Johst on 26 February 1940 (BAB, NS 19/1446); see Düsterberg,
Johst
, 305.

39
. As Rudolf Brandt called him (BAB, NS 19/1945, 10 August 1942).

40
.
IMT
, vol. 4, pp. 535 f. Von dem Bach-Zelewski dated the meeting in Nuremberg to the beginning of 1941.

41
. This emerges unanimously from the statements of the members of the Einsatzkommandos present.

42
. BAB, R 70 SU/32.

43
. BAB, R 70 SU/31, published in Peter Longerich (ed.),
Die Ermordung der europäischen Juden. Eine umfassende Dokumentation des Holocaust 1941–1945
(Munich, 1989), 116 ff.

44
. This was also how it was put in a letter of 29 June 1941.

45
.
Dienstkalender
, 16 and 17 June 1941.

46
. On 16, 17, 18, and then again on 23 June 1941 (ibid.).

47
. Ibid.; BAB, R 70 SU/32, deployment order no. 1 of 1 July 1941.

48
. OA Moscow, 500-1-758, 1 July 1941.

49
. EM 19. For the period 23 June 1941 to 24 April 1942 the RSHA compiled reports from the Einsatzgruppen, numbered according to the sequence of days, under the title ‘News of events in the USSR’. The originals can be found in R 58/214–21.

50
.
Dienstkalender
.

51
. BAB, R 20/79, KTB Pol. Btl. 322.

52
. Hearing of 20 April 1966 (ZStL, 73/61, vol. 6, pp. 1510 ff).

53
. BAB, R 20/79, KTB Pol. Btl. 322, 9 July 1941.

54
. BAB, R 20/80, KTB Pol. Btl. 322 (annexes), order of 11 July 1941.

55
. Angrick
et al
., ‘Tagebuch’, 334 ff.; judgment of the regional court of Bochum against members of the police battalion 316 that also participated in this massacre (LG Bochum, 6 June 1968, ZStL, II 202 AR-Z 168/59).

56
.
Dienstkalender
;EM 21.

57
. Andrzej Zbikowski, ‘Local Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Occupied Territories of Eastern Poland, June–July 1941’, in Lucjan Dobroszycki und Jeffrey S. Gurock (eds),
The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi Occupied Territories of the USSR, 1941–1945
(Armonk, NY, and London, 1993), 173–9, names 35 places for eastern Galicia
alone. Aharon Weiss, ‘The Holocaust and the Ukrainian Victims’, in Michael Berenbaum (ed.),
A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis
(New York, 1990), 109–15, identifies 58 pogroms in the western Ukraine, including Volhynia. See also Bogdan Musial,
‘Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschieβen’. Die Brutalisierung des deutschsowjetischen Krieges im Sommer 1941
(Berlin and Munich, 2000), 172, with numerous references to further pogroms.

58
. BAB, NS 19/4008, speech to the reinforcements for the North unit, 13 July 1941.

59
. Set down in the Führer decree on the administration of the newly occupied eastern territories of 17 July 1941 (Doc. L-221, in
IMT
, vol. 38, pp. 86 ff.).

60
. BAB, R 43 II/683a. Rosenberg had been designated for this responsibility since Hitler gave him the task at the beginning of April of setting up an ‘office’ for ‘eastern questions’. On Rosenberg’s preparations for the war against the Soviet Union see Yitzhak Arad, ‘Alfred Rosenberg and the “Final Solution” in the Occupied Soviet Territories’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 13 (1979), 263–86, at 265 ff.

61
. Hitler’s decisions were laid down in several decrees drawn up on 17 July 1941, among them in particular the decree mentioned in note 59 and also the decree, important in this present connection, concerning the provision of security by the police in the newly occupied eastern territories (IfZ, NG 1688, published in
‘Führer-Erlasse’
, no. 99).

62
. See note 2.

63
. BAB, NS 19/1739.

64
. IfZ, NO 4724, RFSS to Lorenz and Heydrich, 11 July 1941.

65
. This was how Rosenberg—as confirmation of his own idea—remembered on 9 August something that Göring had said, according to which Himmler was ‘tasked exclusively with providing security through the police in this territory’ and ‘the Reichsführer-SS’s responsibilities in relation to the consolidation of the German nation’ were ‘unequivocally restricted to the German Reich and did not apply to the eastern territories’ (BAB R 6/23, note from Rosenberg). See also Müller,
Ostkrieg
, 98.

66
. BAB, BDC, SS-O Globocnik, note on the file from Himmler, 21 July 1941.

67
.
Tagebücher Goebbels
, 19 August 1941.

68
. For details see Longerich,
Davon
, 159 ff.

69
. OA Moscow, 500-1-25, copy also in ZStL, Doc. UdSSR, Nr. 401 and published in Klein (ed.),
Einsatzgruppen
, 342. On the Einsatzgruppen reports and their distribution see Ronald Headland,
Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943
(Rutherford, 1992), and Longerich’s summary in
Der ungeschriebene Befehl. Hitler und der Weg zur ‘Endlösung’
(Munich and Zurich, 2001), 112.

70
. IfZ, NOKW 2079, published in Jacobsen, ‘Kommissarbefehl’, 184 f. See also YV, M 36/3 (copies from the Military Archive in Prague), minutes of the meeting in the office of the operations officer, which make clear that Himmler
wanted to deploy the Commando Staff troops selectively: ‘The units subordinated to the Commando Staff will be deployed in the realm of political administration. Larger companies may be deployed in the rear area. Members of the Commando Staff and of the units subordinated to it have no role to play in the field of operations or in the rear area.’

71
.
Dienstkalender
;Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 136.

72
. KTB Kdostab RFSS, published in
Unsere Ehre heiβt Treue. Kriegstagebuch des Kommandostabes Reichsführer-SS, Tätigkeitsberichte der 1. und 2. SS-Infanterie-Brigade, der 1. SS-Kavallerie-Brigade und von Sonderkommandos der SS
(Vienna, 1965), 219 and 30. The Cavalry Brigade was formed on 2 August 1941.

73
.
Dienstkalender
, 21 July 1941.

74
. Ibid. 29–31 July 1941.

75
. OA Moscow, 500-1-25, Jäger’s report.

76
. EM 96; Wilhelm,
Einsatzgruppe A
, 113.

77
. Judgment passed at Ulm, 29 August 1958, published in
Justiz und NS-Verbre-chen. Sammlung deutscher Strafurteile wegen nationalsozialistischer Tötungsverbrechen 1945–1966
, vol. 15 (Amsterdam, 1976), no.465.

78
. KTB Kdostab RFSS, 31 July 1933, published in
Unsere Ehre
, 33; BAB, R 20/45b, diary of von dem Bach-Zelewski. See also
Dienstkalender
.

79
. KTB Kdostab RFSS, 28 July 1941, published in
Unsere Ehre
, 220 ff.

80
. BAM, RS 3-8/36; on the meeting with Himmler see also BAB, R 20/45b, diary of von dem Bach-Zelewski, 31 July 1941.

81
. BAM, RS 4/441, Abt.-Befehl Nr. 2;Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 143.

82
. Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 142 ff.

83
. BAM, RS 4/441; Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 151.

84
. Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 253 ff. The discrepancies in the figures presumably arose from initial misunderstandings when they were passed on.

85
. USHMM, RG-48.004, Reel 2, Box 24, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, mounted detachment, Report of 12 August 1941 (copies from the Military Archive, Prague), published in
Unsere Ehre
, 227 ff.

86
. Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 194 ff.

87
. Ibid. 203. In its final report of 18 September 1941 for both phases of their ‘cleansing operation’ the brigade notified a total of 14,178 looters shot, 1,001 partisans shot, and 699 members of the Red Army (USHMM, RG 48.004, Reel 2, Box 24).

88
. Amongst others with Daluege, Jeckeln, and Knoblauch (
Dienstkalender
, 8, 12, and 13 August 1941).

89
. IfZ, NOKW 1165, report of HSSPF South to Army High Command, 1 August 1941, report on cleansing operation. On the 1st Brigade’s murders in July and August see Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 165 ff., and also Bernd Boll, ‘“Aktionen nach Kriegausbruch”. Wehrmacht und 1. SS-Infanteriebrigade 1941’,
Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
, 48/9 (2000), 775–88.

90
. Report from 1st SS Brigade, 30 July 1941, for 27 to 30 July, in
Unsere Ehre
, 197 ff. See also BAB, NS 33/39, report from 1st SS Brigade, 30 July 1941, on the period 27 to 30 July, and in addition NS 33/22, report on the activities of the Commando Staff RFSS, 6 August 1941, on the period 28 July to 3 August 1941.

91
. Report from 1st SS Brigade for the period 3 to 6 August, in
Unsere Ehre
, 108 f.; see also Shmuel Spector,
The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews, 1941–1944
(Jerusalem, 1990), 76 f., for further details, and also Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 174, whose estimates have been used here.

92
.
Dienstkalender
; BAB, NS 33/320, adjutant to RFSS, 11 August 1941, also NS 33/312, Commando Staff, 12 August 1941. A comparison of the numbers of victims shows that the Cavalry Brigade had already shot a considerably larger number of Jews.

93
. Report from 1st SS Brigade of 10 August 1941 for the period 6 to 10 August, in
Unsere Ehre
, 111 ff.; EM 59 of 21 August 1941;NS 33/22, report of Commando Staff of 10 September 1941 on activity 1 to 7 September. On further units see Cüppers,
Wegbereiter
, 203 ff.

94
. EM 60; see also NS 33/22, Jeckeln’s reports to the Commando Staff, 27 to 30 August 1941.

95
. Randolph L. Braham, ‘The Kamenets-Podolsk and Délvidék Massacres: Prelude to the Holocaust in Hungary’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, 9 (1973), 133–56; Klaus-Michael Mallmann, ‘Der qualitative Sprung im Vernichtungsprozess. Das Massaker von Kamenez-Podolsk Ende August 1941’,
Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung
, 10 (2001), 239–64.