The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (121 page)

212.
G. Pedrocini,
Les mutineries de 1917
(Paris, 1967), is the best of a number of studies on this crisis.

213.
McNeill,
Pursuit of Power
, p. 322, with a good synthesis of the literature. See also Hardach,
First World War
, pp. 86ff, 13Iff.

214.
See the older work M. Ange-Laribé,
L’agriculture pendant la guerre
(Paris, 1925), as well as the coverage in Hardach and McNeill.

215.
Figures from Stokesbury,
Short History of World War I
, p. 289.

216.
Kennedy, “Great Britain Before 1914,” in May (ed.),
Knowing One’s Enemies
, pp. 172–204; French,
British Economic and Strategic Planning
, passim.

217.
See again Barnett,
Collapse of British Power
, pp. 113ff; Hardach,
First World War
, pp. 77ff; McNeill,
Pursuit of Power
, pp. 325ff; R.J.Q. Adams,
Arms and the Wizard: Lloyd George and the Ministry of Munitions, 1915
(London, 1978), passim.

218.
Figures from Hardach,
First World War
, p. 87.

219.
Kennedy,
Realities Behind Diplomacy
, p. 146, with the figures drawn from tables in Peacock and Wiseman,
Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom
.

220.
Bond, “First World War,” passim in
NCMH
, vol. 12; Guinn,
British Strategy and Politics
, passim: Schmitt and Vedeler,
World in the Crucible
, chs. 6–8; D. R. Woodward,
Lloyd George and the Generals
(Newark, N.J., 1983).

221.
Quoted in Beloff,
Imperial Sunset
, vol. 1, p. 255. For full details, see now K. Burk,
Britain, America and the Sinews of War 1914–1918
(London/Boston, 1985).

222.
F. S. Northedge,
The Troubled Giant: Britain Among the Great Powers
(London, 1966), p. 623.

223.
Well covered in T. Lupfer, “The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War,”
Leavenworth Papers
, no. 4 (Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 1981); and Van Creveld,
Command in War
, pp. 168ff.

224.
Hardach,
First World War
, pp. 55ff; G. Feldman,
Army, Industry and Labor in Germany 1914–1918
(Princeton, N.J., 1966).

225.
See the nervous consideration of this in Beloff,
Imperial Sunset
, pp. 239ff, 246ff, 271.

226.
Hardach,
The First World War
, pp. 63ff; McNeill,
The Pursuit of Power
, pp. 338ff; Bond, “The First World War,” pp. 198–99, in
NCMH
, vol. 12.

227.
Full details are in A. Skalweit,
Die Deutsche Kriegsnährungswirtschaft
(Berlin, 1927), with a summary in Hardach,
First World War
, pp. 112ff. For the impact of the war upon the German people, see J. Kocka,
Facing Total War: German Society 1914–1918
(Leamington Spa, Warwick, 1984), chs. 2 and 4; McNeill,
Pursuit of Power
, p. 340, for the quotation.

228.
See the references in note 193 above. For a historiographical summary, see D. M. Smith, “National Interest and American Intervention, 1917: An Historical Appraisal,”
Journal of American History
, vol. 52 (1965), pp. 5–24.

229.
The American contribution is ably summarized in Millett and Maslowski,
For the Common Defense, ch
. 11; Weigley,
History of the United States Army, ch
. 16; T. K. Nenninger, “American Military Effectiveness in World War I,” in Millett and Murray (eds.),
Military Effectiveness
(forthcoming).

230.
Strachan,
European Armies and the Conduct of War, p
. 148. See also the useful details in Ritter,
The Sword and the Scepter
, 4 vols. (London, 1975), vol. 4, pp. 119ff, 229ff.

231.
Bond, “First World War,”
NCMH
, vol. 12, p. 199, which provides these figures; Schmitt and Vedeler,
World in the Crucible
, p. 261. For detailed studies of the 1918 campaigning, see J. Toland,
No Man’s Land: The Story of 1918
(London, 1980); H. Essame,
The Battle for Europe, 1918
(New York, 1972); B. Pitt,
1918— The Last Act
(New York, 1962).

232.
For details, see Schmitt and Vedeler,
World in the Crucible
, p. 255ff, 376ff; A. J. Ryder,
The German Revolution of 1918
(Cambridge, 1967), passim.

233.
J. Keegan,
The Face of Battle
(Harmondsworth, Mddsx., 1978), passim; J. Williams,
The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany, 1914–1918
(London, 1972); A. Marwick,
The Deluge—British Society in the First World War
(London, 1965); idem,
War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century
, chs. 2–3.

234.
This theme runs through Kennan’s books; for example, see
Decline of Bismarcks
European Order
, p. 3. In a similar vein is Hölzle,
Die Selbstentmachtung Europas
. For surveys of the psychological-cultural impact, referring to the more detailed literature, see Schmitt and Vedeler,
World in the Crucible
, pp. 476ff, and J. Joll,
Europe Since 1870
(London, 1973), espec. ch. 11.

235.
War expenditure figures from Hardach,
First World War
, p. 153; total mobilized forces from Barraclough (ed.),
Atlas of World History
, p. 252.

236.
See the anecdotes in M. Middlebrook,
The Kaiser’s Battle: 21 March 1918
(London, 1978).

1.
For the 1919–1923 settlements, see the general treatments in
NCMH
, vol. 12, ch. 8; Albrecht-Carrié,
Diplomatic History of Europe
, pp. 360ff; G. Ross,
The Great Powers and the Decline of the European States System 1914–1945
(London, 1983), ch. 3; R. J. Sontag,
A Broken World, 1919–1939
(New York, 1971), chs. 1 and 4; M. L. Dockrill and J. D. Goold,
Peace Without Promise: Britain and the Peace Conferences 1919–23
(London, 1981), passim; S. Marks,
The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe 1918–1933
(London, 1976), ch. 1.

2.
Ross,
Great Powers, ch
. 4; Marks,
Illusion of Peace, ch
. 3; A.J.P. Taylor,
The Origins of the Second World War
(Harmondsworth, Mddsx., 1964 edn.), ch. 3; J. Jacobsen,
Locarno Diplomacy: Germany and the West 1925–1929
(Princeton, N.J., 1972); and G. Grun, “Locarno, Ideal and Reality,”
International Affairs
, vol. 31 (1955), pp. 477–85, are best here.

3.
The literature upon reparations and war debts has now turned into a flood. Among the more important recent works are M. Trachtenberg,
Reparation in World Politics: France and European Diplomacy 1916–1923
(New York, 1980); W. A. McDougall,
France’s Rhineland Diplomacy 1914–1924
(Princeton, N.J., 1978); H. Rupieper,
The Cuno Government and Reparations, 1922–1923
(London, 1979); S. A. Shuker,
The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976); D. P. Silverman,
Reconstructing Europe After the Great War
(Cambridge, Mass., 1982). Marks,
Illusion of Peace, ch
. 2, is also useful, and there is a good summary in Kindleberger,
Financial History of Western Europe
, pt. 4.

4.
D. H. Aldcroft,
From Versailles to Wall Street, 1919–1929
(London, 1977), p. 13. This is a good summary of all of the post-1919 studies (often sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation) on “the costs of the war,” as well as the more recent literature.

5.
Aldcroft,
From Versailles to Wall Street
, p. 14.

6.
Aldcroft,
The European Economy 1914–1980
(London, 1978), p. 19.

7.
Aldcroft,
From Versailles to Wall Street
, pp. 34–35, 98ff.

8.
Rostow,
World Economy
, pp. 194–200, has a good summary; but see also Kenwood and Lougheed,
Growth of the International Economy, ch
. 11; A. S. Milward,
The Economic Effects of the World Wars in Britain
(London, 1970), passim; Landes,
Unbound Prometheus, ch
. 6.

9.
I. Svennilson,
Growth and Stagnation in the European Economy
, (Geneva, 1954), pp. 204–05.

10.
Farrar,
Arrogance and Anxiety
, p. 39, fn. 17.

11.
Aldcroft,
From Versailles to Wall Street, ch
. 1 and pp. 99–101: Kenwood and Lougheed,
Growth of the International Economy
, pp. 176ff. For details of the
collapse in American farm prices after 1919, see Robertson,
History of the American Economy
, p. 515.

12.
For a good summary, see Hardach,
First World War, ch
. 6; also Aldcroft,
From Versailles to Wall Street
, pp. 30ff.

13.
See the references in note 3 above; and Aldcroft,
From Versailles to Wall Street, ch
. 4.

14.
See here the essays in Rowland (ed.),
Balance of Power or Hegemony: The Inter-War Monetary System;
C. P. Kindleberger,
The World in Depression 1929–1939
(California, 1973), passim, but especially chs. 1 and 4; A. Fishlow, “Lessons from the Past: Capital Markets During the 19th Century and the Interwar Period,”
International Organization
, vol. 39, no. 3 (1985), especially pp. 415–27. There is also a very good analysis in Kennedy,
Over Here
, pp. 334–47.

15.
For an analysis of these events, see Aldcroft,
From Versailles to Wall Street
, chs. 7–11; Kindleberger,
World in Depression
, chs. 3–9; idem,
Financial History of Western Europe, ch
. 20.

16.
Kindleberger,
World in Depression
, p. 231; Rowland, “Preparing the American Ascendancy: The Transfer of Economic Power from Britain to the United States, 1933–1944,” in Rowland (ed.),
Balance of Power or Hegemony
, pp. 198ff. For Chamberlain’s quote, see D. Reynolds,
The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–61
(London, 1981), p. 16 and passim; also C. A. MacDonald,
The United States, Britain and Appeasement 1936–1939
(London, 1980).

17.
A. J.P. Taylor,
The Trouble-Makers: Dissent over Foreign Policy, 1789–1939
(London, 1969 edn.), chs. 4–6; Z. S. Steiner,
The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy 1898–1914
(Cambridge, 1969), passim; G. A. Craig and A. L. George,
Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Problems of Our Time
(Oxford, 1983), ch. 5.

18.
See, for example, L. Martin,
Peace Without Victory—Woodrow Wilson and the English Liberals
(New York, 1973 edn.); Taylor,
Trouble-Makers, ch
. 5.

19.
A. J. Mayer,
Political Origins of the New Diplomacy
(New York, 1970 edn.), passim; S. R. Grabaud,
British Labour and the Russian Revolution 1917–1924
(Cambridge, Mass., 1956); F. S. Northedge and A. Wells,
Britain and Soviet Communism: The Impact of a Revolution
(London, 1982), ch. 8.

20.
G. Schmidt, “Wozu noch politische Geschichte?”
Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte
, B17/75 (April 1975), pp. 32ff.

21.
Mayer,
Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counter Revolution at Versailles 1918–1919
(London, 1968); Joll,
Europe Since 1870, ch
. 9, “Revolution and Counter-Revolution.” There is also good detail upon these fears of revolution in C. S. Maier,
Recasting Bourgeois Europe
(Princeton, N.J., 1975), espec. ch. 1.

22.
Joll,
Europe Since 1870
, chs. 9–12; Sontag,
Broken World
, pp. 24ff.

23.
Schmitt and Vedeler,
World in the Crucible
, pp. 476ff; B. Bengonzi,
Heroes Twilight
(New York, 1966); P. Fussell,
The Great War and Modern Memory
(New York, 1975); cf. Barnett,
Collapse of British Power
, pp. 426ff.